scholarly journals Recent advances in the identification and prediction of polymorphs

2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 32-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edina Vranić
Keyword(s):  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Gain Control ◽  
Structural Data ◽  
Phase Changes ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Strategic Design ◽  
Recent Advances

An increased understanding of the phenomenon of polymorphism should enable pharmaceutical scientists to gain control over the crystallization process in order to selectively obtain the desired polymorph or suppress the growth of an undesired one. Phase changes during processing and scale-up are a problem, which may be avoided by carefully designed initial small-scale studies. The availability of detailed structural data, combined with strategic design of substrates and additives, has led to significant advances in the control over the polymorphs obtained in a particular crystallization. With all the information available from these initial studies, it should be possible to design and to select processing conditions which would give a desired polymorph and maintain the desired form throughout the various stages of drug processing and manufacture.

scholarly journals Solid Form and Phase Transformation Properties of Fexofenadine Hydrochloride during Wet Granulation Process

Pharmaceutics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 802
Author(s):  
Suye Li ◽  
Hengqian Wu ◽  
Yanna Zhao ◽  
Ruiyan Zhang ◽  
Zhengping Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase Transition ◽  
Phase Transformation ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Dissolution Behavior ◽  
Wet Granulation ◽  
Water Addition ◽  
Granulation Process ◽  
And Performance

The quality control of drug products during manufacturing processes is important, particularly the presence of different polymorphic forms in active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) during production, which could affect the performance of the formulated products. The objective of this study was to investigate the phase transformation of fexofenadine hydrochloride (FXD) and its influence on the quality and performance of the drug. Water addition was key controlling factor for the polymorphic conversion from Form I to Form II (hydrate) during the wet granulation process of FXD. Water-induced phase transformation of FXD was studied and quantified with XRD and thermal analysis. When FXD was mixed with water, it rapidly converted to Form II, while the conversion is retarded when FXD is formulated with excipients. In addition, the conversion was totally inhibited when the water content was <15% w/w. The relationship between phase transformation and water content was studied at the small scale, and it was also applicable for the scale-up during wet granulation. The effect of phase transition on the FXD tablet performance was investigated by evaluating granule characterization and dissolution behavior. It was shown that, during the transition, the dissolved FXD acted as a binder to improve the properties of granules, such as density and flowability. However, if the water was over added, it can lead to the incomplete release of the FXD during dissolution. In order to balance the quality attributes and the dissolution of granules, the phase transition of FXD and the water amount added should be controlled during wet granulation.

SUBMERGED CITRIC ACID FERMENTATION OF SUGAR BEET MOLASSES: INCREASE IN SCALE

1955 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
pp. 299-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Steel ◽  
C. P. Lentz ◽  
S. M. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Citric Acid ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Aeration Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Acid Fermentation ◽  
Inoculum Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Beet Molasses ◽  
Initial Ph

Factors affecting the production of citric acid in the submerged fermentation of ferrocyanide-treated beet molasses by Aspergillus niger were studied in 2.5 and 36 liter fermenters. The small fermenters were used to determine the effects of changes in sterilization technique, phosphate supplement, ferrocyanide treatment, inoculum level, initial pH, fermentation temperature, and aeration rate. The relation between ferrocyanide concentration and inoculum level was also studied. Four different samples of molasses were fermented successfully. An average yield of 8.2% citric acid (64% conversion) was obtained from 51 small-scale fermentations. Comparable yields were obtained in the large fermenters under comparable conditions. Most of the information obtained with the small fermenters was applicable to the larger-scale fermenters, but in the latter the fermentation was significantly more stable. Aeration was the main problem in the scale-up and aeration rates approximately double those calculated on a fermenter cross-sectional area basis were required for comparable results in the large fermenters.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in the BiVO4 Photocatalyst for Sun-Driven Water Oxidation: Top-Performing Photoanodes and Scale-Up Challenges

Catalysts ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristine Tolod ◽  
Simelys Hernández ◽  
Nunzio Russo
Keyword(s):  
Water Oxidation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Recent Advances

scholarly journals Sustainable Second-Generation Bioethanol Production from Enzymatically Hydrolyzed Domestic Food Waste Using Pichia anomala as Biocatalyst

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Ioanna Ntaikou ◽  
Georgia Antonopoulou ◽  
Gerasimos Lyberatos
Keyword(s):  
Food Waste ◽  
Second Generation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Pichia Anomala ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Amylolytic Enzymes ◽  
Second Generation Bioethanol ◽  
Saccharification Efficiency ◽  
Ethanol Yields ◽  
Domestic Food

In the current study, a domestic food waste containing more than 50% of carbohydrates was assessed as feedstock to produce second-generation bioethanol. Aiming to the maximum exploitation of the carbohydrate fraction of the waste, its hydrolysis via cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymatic blends was investigated and the saccharification efficiency was assessed in each case. Fermentation experiments were performed using the non-conventional yeast Pichia anomala (Wickerhamomyces anomalus) under both separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF) and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) modes to evaluate the conversion efficiencies and ethanol yields for different enzymatic loadings. It was shown that the fermentation efficiency of the yeast was not affected by the fermentation mode and was high for all handlings, reaching 83%, whereas the enzymatic blend containing the highest amount of both cellulolytic and amylolytic enzymes led to almost complete liquefaction of the waste, resulting also in ethanol yields reaching 141.06 ± 6.81 g ethanol/kg waste (0.40 ± 0.03 g ethanol/g consumed carbohydrates). In the sequel, a scale-up fermentation experiment was performed with the highest loading of enzymes in SHF mode, from which the maximum specific growth rate, μmax, and the biomass yield, Yx/s, of the yeast from the hydrolyzed waste were estimated. The ethanol yields that were achieved were similar to those of the respective small scale experiments reaching 138.67 ± 5.69 g ethanol/kg waste (0.40 ± 0.01 g ethanol/g consumed carbohydrates).

scholarly journals Assessing market-based conservation governance approaches: a socio-economic profile of Indonesian markets for wild birds

Oryx ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 482-491 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Jepson ◽  
Richard J. Ladle ◽  
Sujatnika
Keyword(s):  
Native Species ◽  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Wild Birds ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Conservation Governance

AbstractOne of the most difficult situations for conservation is where state capacity to regulate is weak, major corporate organizations are absent, and the population does not have a strong culture of wildlife conservation. All these apply to the hugely popular urban Indonesian pastime of keeping wild songbirds, thought to be responsible for rolling local extinctions of several native species. In such situations the introduction of a voluntary, market-based approach could interact with regulation to create new and more effective approaches to reducing the negative conservation impacts of the associated trade. Here we assess the potential of such an approach through an in-depth analysis of the socio-economic and cultural aspects of bird keeping. We project that overall the pastime contributes USD 78.8 million to the economies of the six cities surveyed, supporting a range of associated small-scale rural and urban livelihoods relating to the production of cages and collection of live bird food. Finally, we describe five general bird-breeding models with the capacity to scale up the production of captive-bred birds that may substitute for wild-caught conspecifics. Based on this information we argue that a market-based policy instrument that is capable of shifting bird-keeping trends from wild-caught birds to captive-bred alternatives would align easily with macro-policy agendas in Indonesia relating to pro-poor growth and the creation of more and better jobs. Such a policy instrument could provide exciting opportunities for conservationists to engage the interest and support of non-conservation sectors in Indonesia in efforts to conserve diminishing populations of wild birds.

scholarly journals Energy Production from Biogas: Competitiveness and Support Instruments in Latvia

2016 ◽  
Vol 53 (5) ◽  
pp. 43-53
Author(s):  
G. Klāvs ◽  
A. Kundziņa ◽  
I. Kudrenickis
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Local Economic Development ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Gas Distribution ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Use of renewable energy sources (RES) might be one of the key factors for the triple win-win: improving energy supply security, promoting local economic development, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The authors ex-post evaluate the impact of two main support instruments applied in 2010-2014 – the investment support (IS) and the feed-in tariff (FIT) – on the economic viability of small scale (up to 2MWel) biogas unit. The results indicate that the electricity production cost in biogas utility roughly corresponds to the historical FIT regarding electricity production using RES. However, if in addition to the FIT the IS is provided, the analysis shows that the practice of combining both the above-mentioned instruments is not optimal because too high total support (overcompensation) is provided for a biogas utility developer. In a long-term perspective, the latter gives wrong signals for investments in new technologies and also creates unequal competition in the RES electricity market. To provide optimal biogas utilisation, it is necessary to consider several options. Both on-site production of electricity and upgrading to biomethane for use in a low pressure gas distribution network are simulated by the cost estimation model. The authors’ estimates show that upgrading for use in a gas distribution network should be particularly considered taking into account the already existing infrastructure and technologies. This option requires lower support compared to support for electricity production in small-scale biogas utilities.

Preparation of Rutile Crystalline Glaze

2010 ◽  
Vol 105-106 ◽  
pp. 778-781
Author(s):  
Yin Feng Xia ◽  
Zhao Hui Huang ◽  
Jia Zheng Yuan ◽  
Lin Jun Wang ◽  
Jie Hua Xie
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Crystallization Process ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Flower Morphology ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Single Track ◽  
Spontaneous Growth ◽  
Microscopy Analysis ◽  
Coloring Agents ◽  
Aesthetic Values

Crystalline glaze is a kind of art glaze with excellent decorative performance, the existing crystalline glaze mainly willemite crystalline glaze, systems on a single track. In this paper, the use of crystalline glaze raw materials for glass, ZnO and coke gemstones, CuO as coloring agents, using ortho- gonal to determine the formula, this paper researched that added TiO2 to the willemite crystalline glaze crystal phase composition as well as the amount of TiO2 and processing conditions on the preparation of crystalline glaze crystal flower morphology impact. The results show that under the conditions of 1250°C melting 1130°C crystallization process crystal spontaneous growth in crystalline glaze can be able to cover the entire glazed, shape of crystals was feathered, cross growth, the number of crystal increased with crystallization temperature, glaze was smooth and shiny sense. XRD and optical microscopy analysis showed that the precipitation of crystals was the long column of rutile, crystal distributed equality, under a polarizing microscope in purple, green and black, with strong aesthetic values.

scholarly journals Scalable 18F Processing Conditions for Copper-Mediated Radiofluorination Chemistry Facilitate "Design of Experiments" (DoE) Optimization Studies and Afford an Improved Synthesis of [18F]Olaparib.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gregory D. Bowden ◽  
Nantanat Chailanggar ◽  
Bernd J. Pichler ◽  
Andreas Maurer
Keyword(s):  
Design Of Experiments ◽  
Radiochemical Yield ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Processing Conditions ◽  
Single Production ◽  
Activity Yield ◽  
Radiochemical Yields ◽  
Parp 1 ◽  
18F Fluoride

A convenient, scalable, and azeotropic drying free method for processing [18F]fluoride as base free<br>[18F]TBAF is reported and applied to copper-mediated radiofluorination (CMRF) radiosyntheses. A central<br>feature of this method is that a single production of [18F]TBAF can be divided into small aliquots that can be<br>used to perform multiple small-scale reactions in DoE optimization studies. The results of these studies can<br>then be reliably translated to full batch tracer productions using automated synthesizers. This processing<br>technique was successfully applied to the manual DoE optimization, DoE study validation, and subsequent<br>full-batch automation of the PARP-1 tracer [18F]olaparib. After DoE optimization, we were able to produce<br>[18F]olaparib in high radiochemical yields via both manual (%RCY (CMRF step only) = 78 ± 6 %, n = 4) and<br>automated (up to 80% radiochemical yield (%RCY); 41% activity yield (%AY)) radiosynthesis procedures.<br>This work further demonstrates the power of the DoE approach for improving the radiochemical yields and<br>radiosynthesis performance of clinically relevant tracer productions

scholarly journals TERENO: German network of terrestrial environmental observatories

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heye Reemt Bogena
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Climate Change Impacts ◽  
Integrated Modelling ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Catchment Scale ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Regional Analyses ◽  
Research Facilities

Central elements of the TERENO network are “terrestrial observatories” at the catchment scale which were selected in climate sensitive regions of Germany for the regional analyses of climate change impacts. Within these observatories small scale research facilities and test areas are placed in order to accomplish energy, water, carbon and nutrient process studies across the different compartments of the terrestrial environment. Following a hierarchical scaling approach (point-plot-field) these detailed information and the gained knowledge will be transferred to the regional scale using integrated modelling approaches. Furthermore, existing research stations are enhanced and embedded within the observatories. In addition, mobile measurement platforms enable monitoring of dynamic processes at the local scale up to the determination of spatial pattern at the regional scale are applied within TERENO.

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