Care, Use, and Welfare of Marmosets as Animal Models for Gene Editing-Based Biomedical Research

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Gene Editing

scholarly journals Use of Customizable Nucleases for Gene Editing and Other Novel Applications

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 976
Author(s):  
Pradeep Reddy ◽  
Felipe Vilella ◽  
Juan Carlos Izpisua Belmonte ◽  
Carlos Simón
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Genetic Disorders ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
The Past ◽  
Novel Applications ◽  
In Cells

The development of novel genome editing tools has unlocked new opportunities that were not previously possible in basic and biomedical research. During the last two decades, several new genome editing methods have been developed that can be customized to modify specific regions of the genome. However, in the past couple of years, many newer and more exciting genome editing techniques have been developed that are more efficient, precise, and easier to use. These genome editing tools have helped to improve our understanding of genetic disorders by modeling them in cells and animal models, in addition to correcting the disease-causing mutations. Among the genome editing tools, the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/CRISPR-associated (Cas) system has proven to be the most popular one due to its versatility and has been successfully used in a wide variety of laboratory animal models and plants. In this review, we summarize the customizable nucleases currently used for genome editing and their uses beyond the modification of genome. We also discuss the potential future applications of gene editing tools for both basic research and clinical purposes.

scholarly journals Gene Editing: A Double-Edged Sword

2021 ◽  
pp. 727-735
Author(s):  
Akshara K. Raut ◽  
Tripti Waghmare
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Eukaryotic Cells ◽  
Zinc Finger Nucleases ◽  
Foreseeable Future ◽  
Extreme Hazards ◽  
Programmable Nucleases

This essay is about intrinsic planning parts that can alternate the enlarge of the particle that regulates our herbal cycles, the genome. Since the 1990s, first-class enchantment has been a focal factor of research. It commenced with the genome undertaking and will proceed to be an ambassador for the foreseeable future. The functions are many, and they are anticipated to have a significant speculative effect as properly as extraordinarily extreme hazards. The genome altering development trends have opened up the technique to truly zero in on and exchange genomic progressions in nearly all eukaryotic cells, whether or not they are planned or bacterial nucleases. Genome editing has loosened up our capacity to grant an explanation for the role of inherited qualities in infection with the aid of accelerating the development of increased right smartphone and models of animal of psychotic cycles, and it has begun to exhibit extraordinarily top achievable in a variety of fields, ranging from indispensable look up to utilized biotechnology and biomedical research. The late boom in the development of programmable nucleases, such as zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), file activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and assembled reliably interspaced quick palindromic repeat (CRISPR)– Cas-related nucleases, has accelerated the transition of fee from idea to medical practice. We observe the purposes of their subordinate reagents as quality-changing units in a range of human illnesses, and anticipated future medicines, which focuses on eukaryotic cells and animal models, in this evaluation of modern-day advances in the three critical genome-modifying propels (ZFNs, TALENs, and CRISPR/Cas9). Finally, we have a framework for clinical primers to use genome adjusting phases for sickness therapy, as nicely as some of the difficulties encountered throughout implementation.

scholarly journals Consideration of Gut Microbiome in Murine Models of Diseases

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1062
Author(s):  
Chunye Zhang ◽  
Craig L. Franklin ◽  
Aaron C. Ericsson
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Close Association ◽  
Disease Model ◽  
Potential Contributor ◽  
Potential Factors ◽  
Models Of Disease ◽  
The Impact

The gut microbiome (GM), a complex community of bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and fungi located in the gut of humans and animals, plays significant roles in host health and disease. Animal models are widely used to investigate human diseases in biomedical research and the GM within animal models can change due to the impact of many factors, such as the vendor, husbandry, and environment. Notably, variations in GM can contribute to differences in disease model phenotypes, which can result in poor reproducibility in biomedical research. Variation in the gut microbiome can also impact the translatability of animal models. For example, standard lab mice have different pathogen exposure experiences when compared to wild or pet store mice. As humans have antigen experiences that are more similar to the latter, the use of lab mice with more simplified microbiomes may not yield optimally translatable data. Additionally, the literature describes many methods to manipulate the GM and differences between these methods can also result in differing interpretations of outcomes measures. In this review, we focus on the GM as a potential contributor to the poor reproducibility and translatability of mouse models of disease. First, we summarize the important role of GM in host disease and health through different gut–organ axes and the close association between GM and disease susceptibility through colonization resistance, immune response, and metabolic pathways. Then, we focus on the variation in the microbiome in mouse models of disease and address how this variation can potentially impact disease phenotypes and subsequently influence research reproducibility and translatability. We also discuss the variations between genetic substrains as potential factors that cause poor reproducibility via their effects on the microbiome. In addition, we discuss the utility of complex microbiomes in prospective studies and how manipulation of the GM through differing transfer methods can impact model phenotypes. Lastly, we emphasize the need to explore appropriate methods of GM characterization and manipulation.

scholarly journals Methods Used and Application of the Mouse Grimace Scale in Biomedical Research 10 Years On: A Scoping Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 673
Author(s):  
Alexandra L. Whittaker ◽  
Yifan Liu ◽  
Timothy H. Barker
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Mouse Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Facial Features ◽  
Inclusion Criteria ◽  
Academic Literature ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Neuroscience Research ◽  
Wide Range

The Mouse Grimace Scale (MGS) was developed 10 years ago as a method for assessing pain through the characterisation of changes in five facial features or action units. The strength of the technique is that it is proposed to be a measure of spontaneous or non-evoked pain. The time is opportune to map all of the research into the MGS, with a particular focus on the methods used and the technique’s utility across a range of mouse models. A comprehensive scoping review of the academic literature was performed. A total of 48 articles met our inclusion criteria and were included in this review. The MGS has been employed mainly in the evaluation of acute pain, particularly in the pain and neuroscience research fields. There has, however, been use of the technique in a wide range of fields, and based on limited study it does appear to have utility for pain assessment across a spectrum of animal models. Use of the method allows the detection of pain of a longer duration, up to a month post initial insult. There has been less use of the technique using real-time methods and this is an area in need of further research.

scholarly journals Evaluation of an enrichment programme for a colony of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) in a rescue centre

Primates ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valeria Albanese ◽  
Michela Kuan ◽  
Pier Attilio Accorsi ◽  
Roberta Berardi ◽  
Giovanna Marliani
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Macaca Fascicularis ◽  
Activity Budget ◽  
Control Session ◽  
Abnormal Behaviour ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Low Rate

AbstractLong-tailed macaques are highly social primates that are commonly used in biomedical research as animal models. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of different kinds of enrichment on the behaviour and faecal cortisol metabolite (FCM) level in a colony of ex-laboratory long-tailed macaques during a programme of rehabilitation. The research was carried out in three periods, divided into two sessions each. Every period was composed of one control session (SC) and one session characterised by one type of enrichment: feeding enrichment (FE), manipulative enrichment (ME), and the last session during which manipulative and feeding enrichment were provided every day but in a mixed way (MIX). The results showed that manipulative and mixed enrichments caused positive changes to the activity budget of the colony, with a decrease in abnormal behaviour rates and an increase in play compared with control sessions. The rate of affiliative behaviours and low rate of aggression were probably because the group was composed mostly of females and it was stable, with a well-defined hierarchy. The research underlines the importance of a well-studied enrichment programme for the welfare of captive animals, which should exploit species-specific motivations.

scholarly journals Refinements to Animal Models for Biomedical Research

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2425
Author(s):  
Gabrielle C. Musk
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Special Issue

This collection includes the manuscripts published in the Special Issue of Animals: Refinements to Animal Models for Biomedical Research [...]

Epistemology and the Ethics of Animal Experimentation

2021 ◽  
pp. 67-96
Author(s):  
Mylan Engel Jr.
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Animal Experiments ◽  
Animal Experimentation ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Continued Use

In this chapter, Mylan Engel Jr. argues that animal experimentation is neither epistemically nor morally justified and should be abolished. Engel argues that the only serious attempt at justifying animal experimentation is the benefits argument, according to which animal experiments are justified because the benefits that humans receive from the experiments outweigh the costs imposed on the animal subjects. According to Engel, the benefits we allegedly receive from animal-based biomedical research are primarily epistemic, in that experimenting on animal models is supposed to provide us with knowledge of the origin and proper treatment of human disease. However, Engel argues that animal models are extremely unreliable at predicting how drugs will behave in humans, whether candidate drugs will be safe in humans, and whether candidate drugs will be effective in humans. Engel concludes that animal-based research fails to provide the epistemic, and thereby moral, benefits needed to justify its continued use.

scholarly journals Genome editing in large animals: current status and future prospects

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 402-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jianguo Zhao ◽  
Liangxue Lai ◽  
Weizhi Ji ◽  
Qi Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Genome Editing ◽  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Disease Modeling ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Future Prospects ◽  
Recent Advances ◽  
Large Animals

AbstractLarge animals (non-human primates, livestock and dogs) are playing important roles in biomedical research, and large livestock animals serve as important sources of meat and milk. The recently developed programmable DNA nucleases have revolutionized the generation of gene-modified large animals that are used for biological and biomedical research. In this review, we briefly introduce the recent advances in nuclease-meditated gene editing tools, and we outline these editing tools’ applications in human disease modeling, regenerative medicine and agriculture. Additionally, we provide perspectives regarding the challenges and prospects of the new genome editing technology.

scholarly journals Against the use and publication of contemporary unethical research: the case of Chinese transplant research

2020 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 678-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy C Higgins ◽  
Wendy A Rogers ◽  
Angela Ballantyne ◽  
Wendy Lipworth
Keyword(s):  
Biomedical Research ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Unethical Practices ◽  
Unethical Research

Recent calls for retraction of a large body of Chinese transplant research and of Dr Jiankui He’s gene editing research has led to renewed interest in the question of publication, retraction and use of unethical biomedical research. In Part 1 of this paper, we briefly review the now well-established consequentialist and deontological arguments for and against the use of unethical research. We argue that, while there are potentially compelling justifications for use under some circumstances, these justifications fail when unethical practices are ongoing—as in the case of research involving transplantations in which organs have been procured unethically from executed prisoners. Use of such research displays a lack of respect and concern for the victims and undermines efforts to deter unethical practices. Such use also creates moral taint and renders those who use the research complicit in continuing harm. In Part 2, we distinguish three dimensions of ‘non-use’ of unethical research: non-use of published unethical research, non-publication, and retraction and argue that all three types of non-use should be upheld in the case of Chinese transplant research. Publishers have responsibilities to not publish contemporary unethical biomedical research, and where this has occurred, to retract publications. Failure to retract the papers implicitly condones the research, while uptake of the research through citations rewards researchers and ongoing circulation of the data in the literature facilitates subsequent use by researchers, policymakers and clinicians.

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