Non-Invasive Neuromodulation of the Central Nervous System

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Odor Perception

2012 ◽  
pp. 44-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuo Tonoike
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Olfactory Acuity ◽  
Central Regions ◽  
Olfactory Systems ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain

Though olfaction is one of the necessary senses and indispensable for the maintenance of the life of the animal, the mechanism of olfaction had not yet been understood well compared with other sensory systems such as vision and audition. However, recently, the most basic principle of “signal transduction on the reception and transmission for the odor” has been clarified. Therefore, the important next problem is how the information of odors about is processed in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and how odor is perceived in the human brain. In this chapter, the basic olfactory systems in animal and human are described and examples such as “olfactory acuity, threshold, adaptation, and olfactory disorders” are discussed. The mechanism of olfactory information processing is described under the results obtained by using a few new non-invasive measuring methods. In addition, from a few recent studies, it is shown that olfactory neurophysiological information is passing through some deep central regions of the brain before finally being processed in the orbito-frontal areas.

scholarly journals Cerebral vasculitis: clinical features and diagnostic principles

2001 ◽  
Vol XXXIII (3-4) ◽  
pp. 71-77
Author(s):  
I. G. Salikhov ◽  
E. I. Bogdanov ◽  
A. T. Zabbarova
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Early Diagnosis ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Cerebral Vasculitis ◽  
Malignant Diseases ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Diagnostic Capabilities ◽  
Primary Vasculitis

Cerebral vasculitis (CV) is a severe, potentially disabling disease that usually develops in the presence of rheumatic, infectious, medicinal, or malignant diseases. In rare cases, isolated (primary) vasculitis of the central nervous system (CNS) is observed [17, 33]. The complex pathogenesis, polymorphism of clinical manifestations, and the absence in most cases of reliable non-invasive diagnostic criteria for CV complicate early diagnosis and treatment. In this regard, it seems relevant to analyze the features of clinical manifestations and diagnostic capabilities in cerebrovascular pathology caused by vasculitis.

scholarly journals A Novel Prodrug Approach for Central Nervous System-Selective Estrogen Therapy

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (22) ◽  
pp. 4197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katalin Prokai-Tatrai ◽  
Laszlo Prokai
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Estrogen Therapy ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Site Of Action ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Preclinical Animal Models

Beneficial effects of estrogens in the central nervous system (CNS) results from the synergistic combination of their well-orchestrated genomic and non-genomic actions, making them potential broad-spectrum neurotherapeutic agents. However, owing to unwanted peripheral hormonal burdens by any currently known non-invasive drug administrations, the development of estrogens as safe pharmacotherapeutic modalities cannot be realized until they are confined specifically and selectively to the site of action. We have developed small-molecule bioprecursor prodrugs carrying the para-quinol scaffold on the steroidal A-ring that are preferentially metabolized in the CNS to the corresponding estrogens. Here, we give an overview of our discovery of these prodrugs. Selected examples are shown to illustrate that, independently of the route of administrations and duration of treatments, these agents produce high concentration of estrogens only in the CNS without peripheral hormonal liability. 10β,17β-Dihydroxyestra-1,4-dien-3-one (DHED) has been the best-studied representative of this novel type of prodrugs for brain and retina health. Specific applications in preclinical animal models of centrally-regulated and estrogen-responsive human diseases, including neurodegeneration, menopausal symptoms, cognitive decline and depression, are discussed to demonstrate the translational potential of our prodrug approach for CNS-selective and gender-independent estrogen therapy with inherent therapeutic safety.

scholarly journals The Expanding Horizon of Neural Stimulation for Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Latorre ◽  
Lorenzo Rocchi ◽  
Anna Sadnicka
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Stimulation ◽  
Movement Disorders ◽  
Neural Stimulation ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Novel methods of neural stimulation are transforming the management of hyperkinetic movement disorders. In this review the diversity of approach available is showcased. We first describe the most commonly used features that can be extracted from oscillatory activity of the central nervous system, and how these can be combined with an expanding range of non-invasive and invasive brain stimulation techniques. We then shift our focus to the periphery using tremor and Tourette's syndrome to illustrate the utility of peripheral biomarkers and interventions. Finally, we discuss current innovations which are changing the landscape of stimulation strategy by integrating technological advances and the use of machine learning to drive optimization.

scholarly journals First-in-human endovascular treatment of hydrocephalus with a miniature biomimetic transdural shunt

2021 ◽  
pp. neurintsurg-2021-018136
Author(s):  
Pedro Lylyk ◽  
Ivan Lylyk ◽  
Carlos Bleise ◽  
Esteban Scrivano ◽  
Pedro Nicolas Lylyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Venous Access ◽  
Csf Shunt ◽  
Communicating Hydrocephalus ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Ventriculoperitoneal Shunting ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Transvenous Approach

Surgical ventriculoperitoneal shunting remains standard treatment for communicating hydrocephalus, despite persistently elevated infection and revision rates. A novel minimally invasive endovascular cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) shunt was developed to mimic the function of the arachnoid granulation which passively filters CSF from the central nervous system back into the intracranial venous sinus network. The endovascular shunt is deployed via a femoral transvenous approach across the dura mater into the cerebellopontine angle cistern. An octogenarian with intractable hydrocephalus following subarachnoid hemorrhage underwent successful endovascular shunting, resulting in swift intracranial pressure reduction from 38 to <20 cmH2O (<90 min) and resolution of ventriculomegaly. This first successful development of a percutaneous transluminal venous access to the central nervous system offers a new pathway for non-invasive treatment of hydrocephalus and the potential for intervention against neurological disorders.

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