scholarly journals A high incidence of leukocyte chimerism (60,XX/60,XY) in single born heifers culled due to underdevelopment of internal reproductive tracts 

2014 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 10) ◽  
pp. 445-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Szczerbal ◽  
B. Kociucka ◽  
J. Nowacka-Woszuk ◽  
Z. Lach ◽  
J.M. Jaskowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Abnormal Development ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Primary Disorder

Freemartinism, a primary disorder of sex development (DSD) in cattle, is associated with leukocyte chimerism (60,XX/60,XY). The diagnosis of DSD is easy if it is known that a heifer with abnormally developed reproductive tracts originates from a heterosexual twin birth, but it is not so obvious in the case of single born calves. In the present study twelve DSD heifers which were single born (singletons) and culled due to the abnormal development of internal genitalia were studied using cytogenetic and molecular techniques. Among the heifers 7 appeared to be chimeric (60,XX/60,XY and the presence of the genes residing in the Y chromosome: SRY and AMELY) and 5 had a normal female karyotype (60,XX and a lack of the Y-linked genes). In addition, milk productivity was analyzed in relation to the incidence of twinning at a local Dairy Cattle Breeding Centre, from which 8 studied singletons (6 chimeric and 2 with a normal female karyotype) originated. It was found that in the years 2005–2013 an upward trend for average milk yield (from 9700 kg in 2005 to 11 500 kg in 2013) was associated with the increase of twin births (from 1.5% in 2005 to 5.9% in 2013). Our study showed that approximately 60% of single born heifers with abnormally developed internal genitalia were freemartins (a male co-twin died during pregnancy), while DSD etiology of the other cases (60,XX and a lack of the Y-linked genes) remains unknown. It cannot be excluded that some of these heifers represent a testicular/ovotesticular DSD (60,XX and SRY-negative). In conclusion, our study suggests that the occurrence of freemartins and other DSD in single born heifers seems to be an underestimated problem in cattle breeding.

Cytogenetics and sex determination in man and mammals

1970 ◽  
Vol 2 (S2) ◽  
pp. 7-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. E. Ford
Keyword(s):  
Y Chromosome ◽  
External Genitalia ◽  
Mutant Gene ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Present Evidence ◽  
Male Development ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Male External Genitalia

SummarySex in man and probably throughout the class mammalia is normally determined by the presence of a Y chromosome (male) or its absence (female). The presence of genetic loci on both the long and the short arm of the X chromosome in double dose appears to be essential for the development of mature functional ovaries in the human female though a single X suffices in the female mouse.The development of masculine genital anatomy and phenotype is a consequence of prior formation of testes. In the absence of gonads of either kind, female internal and external genitalia are formed but secondary sex development fails. In rare human families a mutant gene suppresses the development of male external genitalia in 46, XY embryos but permits the development of testes and male internal genitalia. The external phenotype is normal female (syndrome of testicular feminization). A sex-linked mutant gene in the mouse has a similar effect.The locus or loci directly concerned with male development might lie wholly on the Y chromosome or might be located on another chromosome or chromosomes. In the latter case it (or they) must be repressed in the female and normally activated by a locus or loci on the Y chromosome in the male. Present evidence does not permit the exclusion of either possibility.

scholarly journals An Unusual Case of Testicular Disorder in Sex Development of Arabian Mare (64,XX SRY-Negative)

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 1963
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Peretti ◽  
Katiuska Satué ◽  
Francesca Ciotola ◽  
Santo Cristarella ◽  
Massimo De Majo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pcr Amplification ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Sex Development ◽  
First Case ◽  
Blind Ending ◽  
Internal Genitalia ◽  
Mullerian Ducts ◽  
Medical Examinations ◽  
Reproductive Apparatus ◽  
Zfy Genes

A 3-year-old Arabian mare underwent medical examinations due to the presence of abnormalities of the reproductive apparatus and stallion behavior (nervous temperament, aggressiveness, masculine attitude). During the clinical visit, an anovulvar distance shorter than normal was observed; moreover, vulvar lips were dorsally fused except for the lower neckline, showing a blind ending from which a penis-like structure protruded. The ultrasound examination revealed the presence of a cervix and corpus of a uterus, hypoplastic uterine horns, and small gonads with an echogenicity similar to a testis. Blood testosterone levels ranged from 0.4 to 0.6 ng/mL. Cytogenetic analysis showed a normal female karyotype (2n = 64,XX), while PCR amplification of SRY and ZFY genes revealed the absence of a Y chromosome. At necroscopic examination, internal genitalia arising from the genital ridge in the form of masculine type structures were found, while those deriving from the Mullerian ducts were of feminine type. In addition, an infundibular portion of the salpinx at the cranial pole of the gonads was found. This is the first case in equine species of DSD 2n = 64,XX SRY-negative, with the simultaneous presence of male (hypoplastic testicles, epididymal portions, and a penis-like structure) and female (cervix, horn and body of a hypoplastic uterus) genital structures.

scholarly journals Study on Dairy Cattle, Breeding Management Practices in Milkshed and Non-milkshed Areas of Bikaner District (Rajasthan)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramavatar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Crossbred Cattle ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Interview Schedule ◽  
Breeding Management ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Natural Service

Background: This investigation provides the data of breeding management practices followed by the livestock owners of milkshed and non-milkshed areas and analyze the effect of operation flood program in milkshed area of Bikaner district of Rajasthan in respect to dairy cattle breeding management practices.Methods: In order to achieve the objectives of this study a field survey was conducted. The information required to complete the study were collected from milkshed and non-milkshed villages of Bikaner district. The data was collected by using the pretested interview schedule by visit to their farm to take visual observations and actual measurements of the various desired aspects. The collected data was tabulated and subjected to various statistical methods to draw meaningful inferences. Result: Impact of operation flood programme could most appreciably be seen on the improvement of breeds and breeding methods. Significantly (P less than 0.01) higher percentage of Rathi and crossbreds (41.89% and 13.14%) were found in milkshed area with the low incidence of natural service in comparison to non-milkshed area having low percentage of pure and crossbred cattle with high incidence of natural service. A significantly higher percentage (54.11%) of dairy cattle owners in milkshed area get their cattle inseminated/crossed after 7-12 hours of detection of heat, whereas in non-milkshed area only 32.22% get their cattle inseminated/crossed after 7-12 hours of heat detection. The operation flood program had statistically significant (P less than 0.05) effect on milkshed area with respect to genetic improvement of their stock.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE EVALUATION RESULTS OF HOLSTEIN BLACK-MOTLEY BREEDING BULLS BY THEIR DAUGHTERS’ PRODUCTIVITY BASED ON OFFICIAL INSTRUCTIONS AND BLUP MODEL

2020 ◽  
pp. 155-163
Author(s):  
K.ZH. ZHUMANOV ◽  
◽  
T.N. KARYMSAKOV ◽  
M.A. KINEEV ◽  
M.V. TAMAROVSKIY ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Breeding Value ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Lower Efficiency ◽  
Dairy Cattle Breeding ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Current Instruction ◽  
The Republic

According to the current “Instruction” used in dairy cattle selection and breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan, bulls-producers of dairy breeds are assessed according to the their offspring quality based on the principle of “peer daughter”. This means that the phenotypic indicators of the daughters of the tested bulls are compared with the corresponding indicators of their peers. In European countries with developed dairy cattle breeding, as well as in Canada, the USA, etc., to ensure a reliable forecast of the genetic value of individuals (primarily, bulls-producers), use is made of the best linear unbiased forecast method (BLUP method). This method implies that the breeding value of producers is determined by the deviation values of the development of traits of the examined animal from its average values in the population. Especially urgent area is the research aimed at improving breeding programs, including assessing the breeding value of bulls-producers of dairy breeds using BLUP methods based on the productive qualities of the mass of dairy cattle in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The research material included the data on the phenotypic indicators of the milk productivity of first-calf cows (the amount of milk yield, the content of fat and protein in milk, the yield of milk fat and protein) of the Holstein black-motley dairy cattle breed, obtained from the information and analytical database of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2016–2017. It was found that when evaluating according to the official “Instruction”, 16 sires out of 256 bulls (6.2%) got the stud category in 2016, 14 sires (9.2%) out of 152 bulls in 2017, and – 30 sires of 249 bulls (12.0%) over the cumulative period. The results of the conducted research prove that the use of the classic “Instructions” in dairy cattle breeding has lower efficiency (by 42.8–90.0%) as compared with the assessment of the breeding value of bulls based on the BLUP method.The selection of sire bulls into breeding groups based on the “peer daughter” methodology is not reliable enough and rather ineffective. Comparing the results of assessing the breeding qualities of sire bulls, obtianed using two methods in all compared periods (2016, 2017, 2016–2017), the authors established a clear superiority of the BLUP method over the current Instruction used in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

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