scholarly journals Biomass yield and energy efficiency of willow depending on cultivar, harvesting frequency and planting density

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bogdan Kulig ◽  
Edward Gacek ◽  
Roman Wojciechowski ◽  
Andrzej Oleksy ◽  
Marek Kołodziejczyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Full Production ◽  
One Year ◽  
The One

The study aimed at comparing the yield of dry biomass and energy efficiency of 22 willow cultivars depending on the harvesting frequency and variable plant density. The field experiment was established in 2010. The willow cultivars were planted in two densities; 13 300 and 32 500 plants per ha. Among the compared cultivars in the second year (2013) of full production, high yield of dry matter was obtained from cvs. Tordis (33.1 t/ha/year), Inger (30.4 t/ha/year) and Klara (29.0 t/ha/year). After six years of cultivation, the highest aboveground dry matter was given by cvs. Tora (27.4 t/ha/year) and Tordis (27.0 t/ha/year). The gross calorific value of willow biomass ranged from 15.2–20.1 GJ/t dry weight. Greater energy efficiency (329.3 GJ/ha/year) occurred in willow cultivars collected in a two-year cycle than in the one-year cycle (286.4 GJ/ha/year). In the two-year cycle collected in the third year after planting, energy efficiency was greater (379.5 GJ/ha/year) than in the two-year cycle harvested in the sixth year after planting (279.15 GJ/ha/year). The initial slower growth of biomass does not determine plant yielding.

scholarly journals Responses of the Lodging Resistance of Summer Maize with Different Gene Types to Plant Density

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 10
Author(s):  
Jinsheng Yang ◽  
Wenjie Geng ◽  
Jiwang Zhang ◽  
Baizhao Ren ◽  
Lichun Wang
Keyword(s):  
Plant Height ◽  
Vascular Bundle ◽  
Bending Strength ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Agronomic Traits ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Vascular Bundles ◽  
Lodging Resistance

The appropriate increase of planting densities is the key to the obtainment of high-yield maize (Zea mays L.). However, lodging is a major constraint to limit grain yield under increased planting density in present maize production. Effects of population density on stalk lodging and agronomic traits were investigated using two maize cultivars Denghai 618 (DH618, low stalk with low spike height) and Xianyu335 (XY335, high stalk with high spike height). Four levels of density treatment were imposed by 1.5, 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1. Results showed that bending strength, rind penetration strength, maximum bending strength, dry weight, and internode diameter of maize were significantly decreased with the increase of planting density. The change range of XY335 with the increase of planting density was significantly larger than that of DH618, showing a high sensitivity to planting density. In addition, the thickness of cortex and vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells was significantly reduced with the increase of planting density. Compared with 1.5 × 104 plants ha−1, the thickness of the above-ground third internode stem cortex was decreased by 9.64%, 12.72%, and 20.77% for DH618, and 19.26%, 30.49%, and 37.45% for XY335 at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1, respectively. The thickness of vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells at 1.5 × 104 plants ha−1 was decreased by 7.75%, 12.44%%, and 17.89% for DH618, 10.18%, 15.21%, and 24.73% for XY335, compared to those at 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0 × 104 plants ha−1, respectively. Visibly, with the increase of planting density, the thickness of cortex and vascular bundle sclerenchyma cells, and the number of vascular bundles were all significantly decreased, resulting in the increase of lodging rate. However, the extent of variation in these parameters for short-plant height hybrid was less than those for high-plant height hybrid, and the yield of short-plant height hybrid was greater than that of high-plant height hybrid, indicating that short-plant height hybrid has better resistance to lodging with higher yield at higher planting density. Therefore, lodging resistance and yield can be improved through selection and breeding strategies that achieving synergistic development of diameter, dry weight per unit, and cortex thickness in maize basal internodes.

scholarly journals 'Necton' suIla - A preliminary agronomic evaluation

1990 ◽  
pp. 157-159
Author(s):  
Hari Krishna ◽  
Peter D. Kemp ◽  
The Late Sally D. Newton
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Grazing Intensity ◽  
Grazing Management ◽  
Forage Legume ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Late Autumn ◽  
Agronomic Evaluation ◽  
Hedysarum Coronarium ◽  
One Year

'Necton' sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) is a perennial forage legume with potential to provide high quality, non-bloating feed. This trial examined the effect of grazing intensity and frequency on sulla over one year. Annual dry matter yields ranged from 7.4 to 18.0 t/ha. There was no difference in the yield of hard and lax-grazed plots but grazing in late autumn significantly decreased plant density and yield. Keywords 'Necton', sulla, legume, grazing management

scholarly journals Comparative Yield, Fiber Quality and Dry Matter Production of Cotton Planted at Various Densities under Equidistant Row Arrangement

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 232
Author(s):  
Nangial Khan ◽  
Fangfang Xing ◽  
Lu Feng ◽  
Zhanbiao Wang ◽  
Minghua Xin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Area Index ◽  
Leaf Area ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Fiber Quality ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Lint Yield ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
High Plant Density

The number of cotton plants grown per unit area has recently gained attention due to technology expense, high input, and seed cost. Yield consistency across a series of plant populations is an attractive cost-saving option. Field experiments were conducted to compare biomass accumulation, fiber quality, leaf area index, yield and yield components of cotton planted at various densities (D1, 1.5; D2, 3.3; D3, 5.1; D4, 6.9; D5, 8.7; and D6, 10.5 plants m−2). High planting density (D5) produced 21% and 28% more lint yield as compared to low planting density (D1) during both years, respectively. The highest seed cotton yield (4662 kg/ha) and lint yield (1763 kg/ha) were produced by high plant density (D5) while the further increase in the plant population (D6) decreased the yield. The increase in yield of D5 was due to more biomass accumulation in reproductive organs as compared to other treatments. The highest average (19.2 VA gm m−2 d−1) and maximum (21.8 VM gm m−2 d−1) rates of biomass were accumulated in reproductive structures. High boll load per leaf area and leaf area index were observed in high planting density as compared to low, while high dry matter partitioning was recorded in the lowest planting density as compared to other treatments. Plants with low density had 5% greater fiber length as compared to the highest plant density, while the fiber strength and micronaire value were 10% and 15% greater than the lowest plant density. Conclusively, plant density of 8.7 plants m−2 is a promising option for enhanced yield, biomass, and uniform fiber quality of cotton.

The effect of density of planting on the growth of two Phaseolus vulgaris varieties in England

1976 ◽  
Vol 87 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. O. Lucas ◽  
G. M. Milbourn
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Vegetative Tissue ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pod Photosynthesis ◽  
Number Of Branches

SummaryThe growth and development of two varieties of Phaseolus vulgaris (Purley King and Limelight) were compared in two experiments in 1973 and 1974 at a range of planting density from 20 to 100 seeds/m2. Within this range, the relationship between seed yield and density in Purley King was asymptotic, although there was a suggestion that if even higher densities had been tested, a downward trend in yield might have occurred. The optimum density of planting for Purley King in Expt 1 was 50 seeds/m2 while that for Limelight was 40 seeds/m2. The corresponding densities in Expt 2 were 75 and 50 seeds/m2 respectively. Although number of branches per plant generally decreased with increasing density, there was no significant density effect on the number of nodes per plant. Thus stabilization of seed yield occurred even at quite low densities. Although in the low-density treatments, less vegetative tissue was produced, the peak of dry-matter yield occurred later after flowering and the slower subsequent senescence ensured the presence of active photosynthetic tissue throughout the pod-fill stage. Less pod retention occurred at high density which, combined with the ability of widely spaced plants to produce pods over a longer period, resulted in a similar number of pods per unit area over a wide range of density.Although the variety Purley King produced more than double the number of mature pods from its extra nodes and branches, it was outyielded by Limelight by 35% from the combined effect of more seeds per pod and a higher mean seed weight. Limelight also produced this high yield with less vegetative tissue. In both varieties it appeared that pod photosynthesis could take place, in Purley King because the pods were borne on higher nodes above the canopy and in Limelight due to the earlier senescence of its smaller leaf area. However, in spite of the apparent physiological advantages of Limelight, the pods are not borne high enough on this plant to enable satisfactory mechanical harvesting.

Effects of Planting Density on Water Use and Productivity of Pearl Millet (Pennisetum Typhoides) Grown on Stored Water. II. Water Use, Light Interception and Dry Matter Production

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Azam-Ali ◽  
P. J. Gregory ◽  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Water Use ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Wide Spacing ◽  
Neutron Probe ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Intercepted Radiation

SUMMARYPearl millet was grown on stored water at Niamey, Niger, using three row spacings. Water extraction based on neutron probe readings was compared with crop transpiration using a porometer and allied measurements. Between 23 and 52 days after sowing, plants at the narrow and medium spacings used about 77 and 100 mm of water, respectively, and those at the wide spacing used between 59 and 75 mm. Estimates of seasonal crop evaporation from leaf resistances and from the green leaf area index (GLAI) of the crops were 103, 130 and 123 mm for the narrow, medium and wide spacings, respectively. The water use per unit of dry weight produced was similar for both narrow and medium spacings but water was used more efficiently in the wide spacing. Dry weight increased in proportion to intercepted radiation with the same efficiency (1·3 g MJ−1) irrespective of spacing.

scholarly journals NITROGEN, POTASSIUM, AND CARBOHYDRATE PARTITIONING IN FIELD-GROWN GRAPEVINES OVER A TWO-YEAR PERIOD

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (6) ◽  
pp. 613d-613
Author(s):  
Larry E. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Thompson Seedless ◽  
Dry Matter Partitioning ◽  
Carbohydrate Partitioning ◽  
One Year ◽  
Berry Set

Entire Thompson Seedless grapevines (to include the root system) were harvested at regular intervals over a two year period. Dry matter, soluble carbohydrates, N and K were quantified on an individual organ basis for each date. The pattern of dry matter partitioning to the roots and trunk were similar from one year to the next. Decreases in dry weight in the roots and trunk were accompained by decreases in soluble carbohydrates. The concentration of K in the roots remained almost constant over the two year period while that of N fluctuated from less than 1% (dry wt basis) to more than 2.5% depending on the time of the year. The dynamics of N and K within the trunk on a concentration or content (g vine-1) basis were similar to one another. N and K were remobilized from the trunk early in the growing while only N was remobilized from the root system. Remobilization of N from the roots took place from berry set until harvest.

scholarly journals Effect and interaction of crop management factors and crop year on the yield of maize (Zea mays L.)

2020 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Karamchand Bramdeo ◽  
Tamás Rátonyi
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Crop Management ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Treatment Level ◽  
Adverse Weather ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Management Factors

The aim of this study was to determine the combination of treatment levels of crop management factors which can optimize and sustain maize yield under varying climatic conditions. The effect of winter wheat forecrop, three tillage systems (Mouldboard-MT, Strip-ST, Ripper-RT), two planting densities (60,000 & 80,000 plants ha-1), three fertilizer levels (N0-control, N80, N160 kg ha-1) with four replications in irrigated and non-irrigated treatments were evaluated over a five year period, 2015–2019. The obtained results revealed that growing season rainfall positively correlated with yield, whereas, temperature negatively correlated with yield. Impact of adverse weather on yield was less severe in biculture, irrigated plots, at lower planting density (60,000), lower fertilizer rate (N80) and in RT and ST, compared to MT. In years with favorable rainfall, yields of MT and RT were significantly (P<0.05) higher than ST. However, in a less favorable year, such as 2015, with 299 mm growing season rainfall and the lowest July rainfall (59% below mean) there was no significant difference (P>0.05) in yield among the three tillage treatments. Higher planting density (80,000), and fertilization rate (N160) in tandem with MT are treatments combination conducive for high yield under favorable climatic conditions, whereas, in years with low rainfall and high temperatures, RT and ST offer alternative to MT for optimum yield with 60,000 plants ha-1 and N80 treatment level. Crop year effect accounted for 20.7% of yield variance, fertilization 35.8%, forecrop 12.8%, plant density 3.4%, tillage 1.2% and irrigation <1%. It is conclusive that with proper selection of the appropriate levels of agrotechnological inputs the adverse effect of weather on yield can be mitigated.

Effects of sowing date, plant density and year on growth and yield of Brussels sprouts (Brassica oleracea var. bullata subvar. gemmifera)

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 359-375 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. Abuzeid ◽  
S. J. Wilcockson
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Bud Growth ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Total Dry Weight ◽  
Late Sowing

SummaryIn field experiments in 1983–85 in Northumberland, UK, early sowings achieved a leaf area index (LAI) of 3·5, capable of intercepting 90–95% total incident solar radiation, earlier than late sowings. As there was a close relationship between total dry weight, bud dry weight and amount of intercepted solar radiation, early sowings invariably outyielded later ones. The efficiency of energy conversion of radiation was 1·28, 2·05 and 2·11 g/MJ for total dry weight and 0·97, 0·83 and 0·67 g/MJ for bud dry weight in 1983, 1984 and 1985, respectively. Harvest index ranged from ca. 25% in 1985 to 40% in 1984.Increasing plant density from 2·22 to 6·66 plants/m2 advanced and increased maximum LAI and total and bud dry weight per m2 but had an adverse effect on distribution of dry matter. Maximum total dry weights were achieved at or slightly after maximum LAI. The onset of rapid bud growth coincided with maximum total standing dry weight and was advanced by early sowing but largely unaffected by plant density.Early-sown crops produced more buds than late-sown ones because of a longer growing season. Plant density had a large effect on the number of buds per m2, which was almost directly proportional as the number of buds per plant was not severely affected. However, individual bud size was restricted as a result of competition for assimilates. Approximately 80% of buds finally recorded had been produced before significant bud growth had occurred.Total bud fresh yields averaged over all sowing dates reached 17 t/ha in 1983 and 31 t/ha in 1984. The lower yield in 1983 was the result of late sowing caused by unfavourable weather. Early sowings significantly outyielded late ones because of earlier onset of rapid bud growth which gave a longer growing period. The effect of plant density on total sprout yield was less pronounced than that of sowing date but effects on yield per plant were large.Yields of buds in the freezing grade (20–30 mm) increased rapidly between late September and early to mid-November in both 1983 and 1984 and reached 7·5 and 8·8 t/ha, respectively. The difference between freezing-grade yields in the two years (1·3 t/ha) was much less than the difference between total yields (14 t/ha). Late sowing in 1983 restricted bud growth resulting in a higher proportion in the freezing grade. Plant density had a greater effect on freezing-grade yield than on total yield. Low planting densities gave high yields of small buds at early harvests but denser planting gave higher yields at later harvests. Generally, increases in bud fresh weight over the harvest period were greater than those in bud dry weight because of water uptake. The average dry matter content of buds declined by 2–5 % from October to January.The experiments confirmed that manipulation of sowing date and planting density is an effective way of spreading harvest date throughout the season in order to achieve an orderly sequence of crops for the fresh market and for processing.

scholarly journals EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITYAND ORGANIC FERTILIZATION DOSES ON PRODUCTIVE EFFICIENCY OF CACTUS PEAR

2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 976-983 ◽  
Author(s):  
NALÍGIA GOMES DE MIRANDA E SILVA ◽  
MÉRCIA VIRGINIA FERREIRA DOS SANTOS ◽  
JOSÉ CARLOS BATISTA DUBEUX JÚNIOR ◽  
MÁRCIO VIEIRA DA CUNHA ◽  
MÁRIO DE ANDRADE LIRA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arid Regions ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Productive Efficiency ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
Organic Fertilization ◽  
Cactus Pear ◽  
High Productivity ◽  
Experimental Station ◽  
Semi Arid

ABSTRACT Cactus is crucial for the livestock of semi-arid regions in Brazil. This plant has shown the high productivity of forage, which is influenced by several management factors. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of organic fertilization doses (20, 40 and 80 t/ ha of bovine manure/ha/two years) and planting densities (20, 40, 80 and 160 thousand plants/ha) on the productivity of cactus pear Clone IPA-20 (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill). At the Experimental Station of Caruaru at the Agronomic Institute of Pernambuco, IPA has conducted the experiment. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with split plot arrangements. Higher shoot productivity was observed with increased population density and the application of manure at 80 t ha-1 two years-1 with values of 61, 90, 117 and 139 t DM ha-1 two years-1 at densities of 20, 40, 80 and 160,000 plants ha-1. The planting density influenced the productivity of cladode-plant and root dry weight, showing exponential responses, with higher cladode-plant and roots weight by area observed with increased plant density. The efficiency of organic fertilization decreased with the increase in manure doses. For increase cactus productivity, 40 t of bovine manure ha-1 two years-1 for plantations with 160,000 plants/ha is recommended.

Cultivar, sowing date and plant density studies of fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) in Tasmania

2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (7) ◽  
pp. 975 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Lisson ◽  
N. J. Mendham
Keyword(s):  
Plant Density ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Planting Density ◽  
North West ◽  
Linum Usitatissimum L ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Final Harvest

This paper reports on a 3-year agronomic study into fibre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) conducted in Tasmania, Australia. The performance of selected hemp cultivars, and the responses to sowing date and plant density were investigated as part of a broad feasibility study to assess the potential of fibre hemp and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) as sources of fibre for the Australian newsprint industry. Trials were conducted at separate sites in north-west and south-east Tasmania. Nine cultivars from the Ukraine, Hungary and France were examined in 2 separate trials. The Hungarian cultivars, Kompolti and Unico B, and the French cultivar Futura 77 had the highest single plot dry stem yields (up to 1500 g/m 2 ) and bark proportions (up to 40%). All the cultivars flowered toward the end of January, suggesting that the growing season in Tasmania could accommodate much later flowering and potentially higher yielding genotypes. Levels of the psychoactive agent, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol were consistently below the legal maximum of 0.35% (dry weight basis). Three sowing date trials were conducted across 2 seasons incorporating dates between mid September and mid November and a single autumn planting at the end of May. Interactions with cultivar and planting density were also considered. Stem and bark yield declined with delays in sowing after early–mid October in response to a decline in calendar days and thermal time from sowing to flowering. The response was most pronounced in sowings of Kompolti, which flowered within a short period and differed more substantially in durations to flowering. Earlier sowings were limited by premature flowering in response to shorter daylengths and by poor drainage at one of the 2 trial sites. The success of early sowings in Tasmania would appear to depend on finding cultivars less sensitive tophotoperiod, and cultivation on well drained sites. A further trial was conducted to investigate the influence of plant density on hemp yields. Treatments included densities from 50 to 300 plants/m 2 . Plant density declined with crop growth across all treatments and was most pronounced for populations of 200 and 300 plants/m 2 . Final harvest stem yield responded in a parabolic manner to plant density, with maximum yields at about 110 plants/m 2 . Differences in the percentage of the long, high quality bark fibre at final harvest were generally small and not significant. However, regression analysis of the response of bark percentage suggested a linear decline with increasing initial density.

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