scholarly journals Moisture-dependent physical properties of kokum seed (Garcinia indica Choisy)

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 75-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.P. Sonawane ◽  
G.P. Sharma ◽  
N.J. Thakor ◽  
R.C. Verma
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Garcinia Indica ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction

Designing the equipment for processing, sorting and sizing of agricultural crops requires information about the crops&rsquo; physical properties. The physical properties of kokum seed were evaluated as a function of moisture content in the range of 7.35 to 25.79% d.b. (dry basis). The average length, width, thickness and one thousand seed mass were 17.17&nbsp;mm, 10.66 mm, 5.87 mm and 410 g, respectively, at a moisture content of 7.35% d.b. The average value of geometric mean diameter and sphericity were 10.19 mm and 59.75%, respectively, at moisture content of 7.35% d.b. As the moisture content increased from 7.35 to 25.79% d.b., the bulk density increased from 345 to 396 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, true density decreased from 1179 to 1070 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, and the corresponding porosity decreased from 65.73 to 55.46%; the repose angle and terminal velocity increased from 32.1 to 42.3&deg; and 4.30 to 6.73 m/s,respectively. The static coefficient of friction increased on three structural surfaces namely, glass (0.59&ndash;0.73), stainless steel (0.81&ndash;0.87) and plywood (0.74&ndash;0.83) in the moisture range from 7.35 to 25.79% d.b. Linear regression equations were used to express the physical properties of kokum seeds as a function of moisture content. &nbsp;

Moisture Dependent Physical Properties of Grape Seeds

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jafar Milani ◽  
Ali Moetamedzadegan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Grape Seed ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Grape Seeds ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Static Coefficient

This study was carried out to determine the effect of moisture content on some physical properties of grape seed. Seven levels of moisture content varying from 12.26 to 24.61% (w.b.) were considered in this study. Length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and 1000 seed mass increased by 2.58%, 3.63%, 8.36%, 4.78%, 2.14%, and 22.62%, respectively, with the increase of moisture content. Bulk and true density increased from 469.3 to 546.3 kg/m3 and 1058.7 to 1159.3 kg/m3, respectively, while porosity decreased from 55.67 to 52.87%. The angle of repose increased from 21.79 to 29.65° with the increase of moisture content. The hardness decreased from 58.72 to 23.34 N with increase in moisture content. The static coefficient of friction of seeds was determined on concrete, galvanized iron, plywood and glass sheets at various moisture contents. The highest and lowest static coefficients of friction were observed on concrete and glass sheet, respectively.

Study on Postharvest Physico-Mechanical and Aerodynamic Properties of Mungbean [Vigna radiate (L.) Wilczek] Seeds

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehran Ghasemlou ◽  
Faramarz Khodaiyan ◽  
Seyed Mohammd Taghi Gharibzahedi ◽  
Ali Moayedi ◽  
Behnam Keshavarz
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Aerodynamic Properties ◽  
Design Calculations ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction

Determination of physical and mechanical properties can facilitate the design calculations of harvesting, handling, sorting and processing equipments. In this study, these properties of mungbean have been evaluated as a function of seed moisture content varying from 8.72 to 27.41% (d.b.). In this moisture range, the length, width, thickness, geometric mean diameter and surface area increased significantly (p < 0.05) from 4.32 to 5.10 mm, 3.33 to 3.54 mm, 3.30 to 3.59 mm, 3.62 to 4.01 mm and 41.1 to 50.6 mm2, respectively, whereas sphericity, porosity, bulk and true density decreased significantly (p < 0.05) from 83.80 to 78.63%, 39 to 36.56%, 841.3 to 730.7 kg/m3 and 1379.1 to 1151.8 kg/m3, respectively. Moreover, thousand seed mass, angle of repose and terminal velocity increased (p < 0.01) from 37.3 to 43.8 g, 31.6 to 40.3° and 4.9 to 5.8 m/s, respectively, by increasing the moisture content. The static coefficient of friction of mungbean seed increased against the surfaces of four structural materials, namely plywood (31.54 %), glass (29.54%), stainless steel (21.56%) and galvanized iron sheet (11.41%) as the moisture content increased from 8.72% to 27.41% d.b. Also, the results showed that the force required for initiating seed rupture decreased from 40.56 to 23.04 N and 59.82 to 19.51 N, and the energy absorbed at seed rupture increased from 7.20 to 27.36 mJ and 9.87 to 31.22 mJ by increasing in moisture content from 8.72% to 27.41% d.b. for vertical and horizontal orientations, respectively (p < 0.01).

Effect of the moisture content on the physical properties of bitter gourd seed

2013 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 455-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Ünal ◽  
H.C. Alpsoy ◽  
A. Ayhan
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Seedling Emergence ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Bitter Gourd ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Emergence Percentage ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction

Abstract Some physical and germination properties of bitter gourd seed were determined in a moisture content range of 9.3-32.1% d.b. For this moisture, the average length, width, and thickness of seed increased by 3.68, 4.07, and 4.56%, respectively. The geometric properties increased with increasing moisture content. The bulk density and rupture force decreased while thousand seed mass, true density, porosity, terminal velocity and static coefficient of friction increased with increasing moisture content. At all moisture contents, the maximum friction was offered by rubber, followed by plywood, aluminum, and galvanized iron surface. The seed germination duration, seedling emergence percentage, and germination index values gave the best results at the 19.9% moisture content, whereas fresh seedling mass was not affected by different moisture contents.

scholarly journals Study on some engineering attributes of pine nut (Pinus pinea) to the design of processing equipment

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 99-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.M.T. Gharibzahedi ◽  
V. Etemad ◽  
J. Mirarab-Razi ◽  
M. Fos hat
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Pine Nut ◽  
Length Width ◽  
Glass Surfaces

Moisture-dependent engineering properties of pine nut were studied at 6.3, 8.2, 10.8, 14.5, 18.9, and 20.1% moisture content (dry basis). The length, width, thickness, and geometric mean diameter increased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from 21.75 to 21.85 mm, 7.39 to 7.47 mm, 6.07 to 6.14 mm, and 9.89 to 9.98 mm, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%, whereas the increase in sphericity from 45.49% to 45.69% was not significant. Similarly, thousand seed mass, true density, porosity, terminal velocity, and angle of repose increased (P &lt; 0.05) from 0.85 to 0.93 kg, 1043.3 to 1071 kg/m3, 41.31% to 44.57%, 8.67 to 8.83 m/s, and 35.4&deg; to 39&deg;, respectively, with an increase in moisture content under the experimental condition. Moreover, the bulk density decreased significantly (P &lt; 0.05) from 612.3 to 593.6 kg/m3. Coefficient of static friction increased (P &lt; 0.05) from 0.251 to 0.292, 0.241 to 0.271, 0.227 to 0.262, and 0.218 to 0.247 on plywood, galvanized iron sheet, stainless steel, and glass surfaces, respectively, with an increase in moisture content from 6.3% to 20.1%.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Modeling Some Engineering Properties of Three Safflower Varieties

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
F. Shahbazi
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Static Friction ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Galvanized Steel ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Seed Moisture Content ◽  
Seed Moisture ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction

Abstract Several physical properties of three safflower cultivars (IL-111, LRV51-51 and Zarghan279) at moisture contents of 10, 15, 20 and 25% were determined and compared. All the linear dimensions, geometric mean diameter and sphericity of safflower seeds increase linearly with increase in seed moisture content. The values of geometric properties were higher for IL-111cultivar than the LRV51-51 and Zarghan279 cultivars. The values of the bulk densities decreased, whereas the thousand seeds mass, true density and porosity were increased with increase in seed moisture content. All the gravimetric properties for the three cultivars of safflower were significantly different (p<0.05). The values of the terminal velocity for all cultivars were significantly increased as the moisture content increased. The terminal velocity for the three cultivars of safflower were significantly different (p<0.05). On the two different surfaces, the coefficient of static friction of the IL-111 cultivar was significantly greater than that of the other cultivars. The static coefficient of friction was higher on plywood and lower for galvanized steel. The values of the angle of repose increased with increase of the moisture content. The values of the angle of repose for Zarghan279 cultivar were higher than the IL-111, LRV51-51 cultivars.

Moisture Dependent Selected Engineering Properties of Deenanath Seeds in Relation to Development of Processing Machinery

2021 ◽  
Vol 58 (03) ◽  
pp. 250-261
Author(s):  
Sanjay Kumar Singh ◽  
Sheshrao Kautkar ◽  
P. K. Pathak ◽  
Bholuram Gurjar ◽  
Sunil Swami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
True Density ◽  
Linear Relationships ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Length Width

Propagation of grasses through seeds is important in view of vigour and germination. Various grasses as Pennisetum pedicellatum Trin., Cenchrus ciliaris L., Chrysopogan fulvus have lower vigour and germination, due to which they need specific operations as defluffing, separation of true seeds, cleaning and grading by specific machines. In designing a machine for a specific use, physical properties and their behaviour with moisture play an important role. A study was conducted to assess the effect of moisture content at five levels [6.88 - 19.23 %, (d.b.)] on selected physical properties of defluffed Deenanath grass seed. The length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, and geometric mean diameter of defluffed Deenanath seed increased from 2.30 mm to 2.56 mm, 0.71 mm to 0.96 mm, 0.47 mm to 0.63 mm, 1.16 mm to 1.38 mm, and 0.90 mm to 1.15 mm, respectively, with increase in moisture content 6.88 % to 19.23 %. Bulk density, true density, and porosity decreased from 652.16 kg.m-3 to 585.78 kg.m-3, 852.63 kg.m-3 to 792.71 kg.m-3, and 25.62 % to 24.97 %, respectively, with increase in moisture content from 6.88 % to 19.23 per cent. The aspect ratio, sphericity, surface area, volume, and thousand-seed mass of the seed were in the range of 30.91 - 37.51 %, 0.39 - 0.45, 2.58 - 3.23 mm2 , 3.71 - 4.97 mm3 , and 0.480 - 0.523 g, respectively. Linear relationships with correlation coefficients higher than 0.90 were observed for the physical properties over the experimental range of moisture content.

Physical-Mechanical Properties and Chemical Composition of Balangu (Lallemantia royleana (Benth. in Walla.)) Seed

2008 ◽  
Vol 4 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mohammad Ali Razavi ◽  
Toktam Mohammadi Moghaddam ◽  
Asad Mohammad Amini
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Physical And Mechanical Properties ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Average Unit ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Static Coefficient

Physical and mechanical properties of Balangu seed and other crops are necessary for the design of equipment to handling, transporting, processing and storing. In this paper, physico-mechanic properties and chemical composition of Balangu seed have been determined at a moisture content of 7.82% (d.b.). The results showed that the seeds contained averagely amounts of dry matter (92.75%), ash (3.63%), crude protein (25.60%), crude fat (18.27%), crude fiber (1.29%), NDF (30.67%) and ADF (47.80%). The average values of length, diameter, geometric mean diameter, sphericity and surface area were established as 3.148 mm, 0.720 mm, 1.176 mm, 37.4% and 4.362 mm2, respectively. The average unit mass, thousand mass, true and apparent volumes, true density, bulk density, porosity, terminal velocity and filling and emptying angles of repose were determined as 0.0016 g, 1.67 g, 1.51 mm3, 2.467 mm3, 1046.68 kg/m3, 739.50 kg/m3, 29.19% and 4.05 m/s, 27.24°, and 17.23°, respectively. The static coefficient of friction varied from 0.221 on glass to 0.432 on rubber. In the same moisture content, the average rupture force, hardness and toughness obtained 1482.06 g, 3280.76 g, 12902.83 gs, respectively.

scholarly journals Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Fir Species

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 142 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽  
Piotr Markowski ◽  
Andrzej Anders ◽  
Krzysztof Jadwisieńczak ◽  
Zbigniew Żuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
Strongly Correlated ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
White Fir ◽  
Sphericity Index ◽  
Sorting Process

Research Highlights: The correlations between seed mass and the remaining physical properties were determined in selected fir species, and a method for seed sorting was proposed to promote uniform germination and emergence. Background and Objectives: Information about the variation and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations such as seed separation. The aim of this study was to determine the range of variation in the physical properties of seeds in eleven fir species, and to analyze the correlations between these parameters to improve the seed sorting process. Materials and Methods: Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, the angle of external friction and mass were determined in the seeds of 11 fir species. The measured parameters were used to calculate the geometric mean diameter, three aspect ratios, sphericity index and the specific mass of each seed. Results: The seeds of Sierra white fir where most similar, whereas the seeds of balsam fir differed most considerably from the seeds of the remaining fir species. In the majority of the analyzed fir species, seed mass was most strongly correlated with terminal velocity, followed by thickness. Conclusions: Fir seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to eliminate the need for dewinging.

Effect of Moisture Content on the Physical Properties of Fibered Flaxseed

2007 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bo Wang ◽  
Dong Li ◽  
Li-jun Wang ◽  
Zhi-gang Huang ◽  
Lu Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Stainless Steel Surface ◽  
Static Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Content Range ◽  
Static Coefficient

The physical properties of fibered flaxseed were investigated within moisture content varying from 6.21 to 16.29%. The length, width, thickness and geometric mean diameter increased from 4.20 to 4.44mm, 1.99 to 2.13mm, 0.91 to 0.95mm, and 1.95 to 2.06mm, respectively in the moisture content range. One thousand seed weight increased linearly from 4.22 to 4.62g. The bulk density decreased from 726.783 to 611.872kg/m3, while the true density increased from 1165.265 to 1289.341kg/m3 in the moisture content range. The porosity values of flaxseed increased linearly from 37.67 to 52.54%. The highest static coefficient of friction was found on the plywood surface, while the lowest on the stainless steel surface. The static coefficient of friction increased from 0.467 to 0.972, 0.442 to 0.864, 0.492 to 0.927, and 0.490 to 0.845 for plywood, stainless steel, aluminum sheet and galvanized iron, respectively. The angle of repose increased linearly from 25.7° to 33.8° in the moisture content range. The results are necessary for design of equipment to handling, transportation, processing, and the storage of flaxseed.

scholarly journals Physical Properties of Seeds of Eleven Spruce Species

Forests ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zdzisław Kaliniewicz ◽  
Zbigniew Żuk ◽  
Elżbieta Kusińska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Seed Mass ◽  
Terminal Velocity ◽  
External Friction ◽  
Specific Mass ◽  
Seed Processing ◽  
Aspect Ratios ◽  
Sphericity Index ◽  
Oriental Spruce

Information about the variations and correlations between the physical properties of seeds is essential for designing and modeling seed processing operations. The aim of this study was to determine the variations in the basic physical properties of seeds of selected spruce species and to identify the correlations between these attributes for the needs of the seed sorting processes. Terminal velocity, thickness, width, length, mass, and the angle of external friction were determined in the seeds of 11 spruce species. The measured parameters were used to calculate three aspect ratios (geometric mean diameter, sphericity index, and specific mass) of each seed. The average values of the basic physical properties of the analyzed seeds were determined in the following range: terminal velocity—5.25 to 8.34 m s−1, thickness—1.10 to 2.32 mm, width—1.43 to 3.19 mm, length—2.76 to 5.52 mm, the angle of external friction—23.1 to 30.0°, and mass—2.29 to 18.57 mg. The seeds of Jezo spruce and Meyer’s spruce were most similar to the seeds of other spruce species, whereas oriental spruce seeds differed most considerably from the remaining seeds. Our findings indicate that spruce seeds should be sorted primarily with the use of mesh sieves with longitudinal openings to obtain fractions with similar seed mass and to promote even germination.

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