scholarly journals  Body conformation, carcass composition and physicochemical and sensory properties of meat from pheasants of different origin

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 115-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Kokoszyński ◽  
Z. Bernacki ◽  
Ł. Duszyński
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Sensory Properties ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Leg Muscles ◽  
Body Conformation ◽  
Similar Body ◽  
Water Holding

Mongolian &times; Versicolor and common pheasants were investigated. Birds were kept in a confined, environmentally controlled facility without outdoor access and fed ad libitum commercial diets for slaughter pheasants. Body weight was determined at the end of 6, 10 and 13 weeks of rearing, and body weight and body measurements were determined in 16-week-old pheasants. At 16 weeks, 20 pheasants were taken from each genetic group for slaughter. After slaughter, pH<sub>15</sub> of muscles was determined and carcasses were dissected. Samples of breast and leg muscles were collected to determine water holding capacity, colour, and sensory properties of meat. Compared to common pheasants, Mongolian &times; Versicolor hybrids were characterized by similar body weight and body measurements except for length of trunk with neck in females. The carcasses of Mongolian &times; Versicolor pheasants of both sexes contained more breast muscles, leg muscles, skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat. Differences in the values of these traits were not significant. Significant differences in the composition of carcasses from the groups under comparison were only found for the content of skin with subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat content in females, which were significantly higher (P &le; 0.05) in Mongolian &times; Versicolor females. The leg muscles had significantly higher pH<sub>15 </sub>in Mongolian &times; Versicolor females and significantly lower (P &le; 0.05) redness (a*) in males. Compared to the common pheasants, the breast muscles of Mongolian &times; Versicolor pheasants received lower scores for aroma and tenderness and higher scores for taste, whereas leg muscles had higher scores for intensity of aroma and taste, and lower scores for taste and tenderness. &nbsp; &nbsp;

scholarly journals Growth performance, body measurements, carcass composition and some internal organ characteristics in young Pekin ducks

1970 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-406 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Steczny ◽  
D. Kokoszynski ◽  
Z. Bernacki ◽  
R. Wasilewski ◽  
M. Saleh
Keyword(s):  
Digestive System ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Pekin Duck ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Visceral Organs ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Males And Females

The aim of the study was to compare the bodyweight and body measurements, carcass composition, and characteristics of major visceral organs in male and female Pekin ducks. A total of 80 hybrid SM3 Heavy ducks were kept in a conventional building and fed complete commercial diets ad libitum. The male and female were weighed individually at one day old and their bodyweight and body measurements were determined at 21, 35 and 49 days of rearing. On day 49, 20 males and 20 females were chosen for slaughter. After slaughter, the carcasses and visceral organs were collected. No significant differences were observed between males and females in bodyweight (1 d, 58.6 vs 56.3 g to 49 d, 3518 vs 3433 g) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) (0–49 d, 2.44 vs 2.49 kg/kg gain). At 35 days old males demonstrated a significantly longer body and shanks and, at 49 days old a significantly longer body than females. The sex of ducks had no significant effect on the percentage of wings, muscles from breast and legs, skin with subcutaneous fat, abdominal fat and carcass remainder. The neck content was significantly greater in male carcasses than female ones. The contents of proventriculus, liver, and spleen in the bodies of males and females were similar. Gizzard percentage was significantly greater in males, and heart percentage was significantly greater in females. Due to their high bodyweight, good FCR, and favourable carcass composition, SM3 Heavy male ducks are more useful as broiler duck than females.Keywords: carcasses, digestive system, growth, Pekin duck, sex

scholarly journals Growth Performance, Body Measurements, Carcass and Some Internal Organs Characteristics of Pekin Ducks

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 963 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dariusz Kokoszyński ◽  
Rafał Wasilewski ◽  
Mohamed Saleh ◽  
Dariusz Piwczyński ◽  
Henrieta Arpášová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Liver Weight ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Pekin Ducks ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Access To Water

Native breeds of ducks have been the subject of many studies in the past, yet the relevant knowledge is still incomplete and needs to be further expanded. The objective of this study was to provide information about differences in growth performance, dressing percentage, carcass composition and digestive morphometry among three lines of Pekin ducks from conservation flocks raised in Poland. The study used 180 sexed Pekin ducks—30 males and 30 females of line P33 (ducks of Polish origin), 30 males and 30 females of line P8 (ducks of Danish origin), and 30 males and 30 females of line P9 (ducks of French origin). Throughout the study (49 d), ducks were confined indoors in six pens. Birds were fed complete commercial diets ad libitum and had unrestricted access to water. The compared lines of ducks differed significantly in body weight from 1 to 49 d of age except of ducks of both sexes at 14 d. At 49 d of age, significant differences were observed between the tested ducks in all the body measurements. Duck genotype had a significant effect on preslaughter body weight, carcass weight and breast muscle, neck and remainders contents, caeca length, liver weight and gizzard percentage. The results show that the tested ducks were significantly different and unique, mainly in terms of the body biometric characteristics.

Effects of three different growth rates on empty body weight, carcass weight and dissected carcass composition of cattle

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-547 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Murray ◽  
N. M. Tulloh ◽  
W. H. Winter
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Allometric Equation ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
General Group ◽  
Relative Growth

SUMMARYA study was made of the effect on body composition of growing Angus steers from 300 to 440 kg at three different rates. The rates were: High (H) 0·8 kg/day, Low (L) 0·4 kg/day and High-Maintenance (HM) 0·8 kg/day followed by a period during which body weight was maintained constant.The animals were individually penned and the different growth rates were achieved by controlling intakes of a pelleted feed. Two animals (part of H treatment) were killed at 300 kg and the remaining 27 animals (nine in each treatment), were killed at common body weights of 330, 363, 400 and 440 kg.Analyses of covariance were used to compare linear regression equations representing results from each treatment. In order to do this, the logarithmic transformation of the allometric equation, y = axb, was used. As a proportion of empty body weight (EBW), hot carcass weight (HCW) was greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group, indicating a greater offal component of EBW in the H animals. The loss in weight of the dressed carcass during storage at 2 °C for 24 h was similar in all three groups and was 0·98% of HCW. The proportions of HCW in the fore- and hind-quarters were similar in each group.At the same dissected side weight (DSW), the weight of bone was significantly greater in both the HM and L groups than in the H group indicating that bone development was related to both age and carcass weight. There were no significant differences between the groups in the proportions of either muscle or total fat. However, the proportion of kidney and channel fat in the H group was greater than in the HM and L groups and the proportion of subcutaneous fat was also greater in the H than in the L group. The amount of connective tissue in the three groups followed, in general, group differences in bone. Analyses of the dissected components of the separate fore- and hind-quarters showed that the difference between the H and L groups in the proportion of subcutaneous fat in the DSW was due to a relatively greater development of this fat in the fore-quarter of the H animals.No differences were found between treatments in the proportion of ‘expensive muscles’ relative to total side muscle (TSM). However, there were treatment effects on the proportions of TSM formed by certain groups of muscles; two examples are: the proportion of group 4 muscles (abdominal muscles) was higher and the proportion of group 6 muscles (distal muscles of the fore-leg) was lower in the H than in the L treatments. Bone weight distribution was similar in all treatments.There were differences between the H and HM groups in the relative growth ratios for all fat tissues (subcutaneous, intermuscular and kidney and channel fat) compared with total side fat. However, in the H and L groups, the relative growth ratios for corresponding fat categories were similar. The weight of kidney and channel fat in the left side of the carcass was significantly greater than in the right side of the carcass in all treatments.

Effect of feeding level, breed and milking potential on body tissues and organs of mature, non-lactating cows

1991 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
St C. S. Taylor ◽  
J. I. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Normal Adult ◽  
Feeding Level ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Body Tissues ◽  
Breed Differences ◽  
Gut Fill

ABSTRACTBody composition was studied in 20 mature, non-pregnant, non-lactating cows from five breeds (Hereford, Aberdeen Angus, Dexter, British Friesian and Jersey) kept on four feeding levels until they attained equilibrium body weights that were proportionately 0·7,0·9,1·1 or 1·3 of their normal adult body weight.Significant breed differences were found in the proportions of body tissues and organs and these were associated with breed differences in lactability (i.e. genetic milking potential adjusted for body size). As a proportion of body weight, intra-abdominal fat, liver, spleen and uterus increased significantly with lactability and hide decreased significantly. Empty gut and gut fill also increased with lactability but not significantly. Liver proportion in dairy breeds was 1·26 times the proportion in beef breeds. Corresponding values for intra-abdominal fat and hide were 1·43 and 0·83.The most dramatic increases with feeding level were in the proportions of subcutaneous fat, both intra-abdominal fat depots, and the udder. All fat depots were completely depleted when body weight decreased to about 0·6 of its normal adult value. Strong decreases occurred in the proportion of muscle, carcass bone and offal. The proportion of empty gut decreased significantly with increased feeding level. Liver, tail, thymus and possibly gut fill were the only traits entirely unaffected by feeding level.The near-constancy of liver proportion at equilibrium implies that the rapid response of the liver to a change in feeding level is eventually matched in magnitude by the slower responses in other tissues and organs, so that the original proportionality of about 1 kg body tissue for each 10 g liver is eventually restored.

Indices of structural size and condition of American wigeon (Anas americana)

1979 ◽  
Vol 57 (12) ◽  
pp. 2369-2374 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard A. Wishart
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Wing Length ◽  
Condition Index ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Structural Index ◽  
Structural Size ◽  
Poor Indicator ◽  
Males And Females

American wigeon (Anas americana) were studied throughout their annual cycle in British Columbia, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba between 1976 and 1978. Body measurements were obtained from 145 collected and 128 livetrapped birds. Collected birds were dissected and analyzed for lipid, protein, and water content, and organs and muscles were weighed. Similar measurements were made on two each of starved adult captive males and females to determine basal levels of reserves. The skeletons were excised from 13 other wigeon and the lipid-free dry weights of bone were determined. Body length + wing length was the best predictor of skeletal weight and could be used as a structural index (SI). Body weight varied greatly over the year and so is a poor indicator of structural size. The lipid and protein reserves were calculated and the total reserve weight was used as the condition index (CI) for each bird. Body weight/SI was a good predictor of CI but better estimates were obtained with plucked, eviscerated carcass weights. The best predictors of lipid reserves and protein reserves were weights of abdominal fat + skin fat and carcass weight/SI, respectively.

scholarly journals Wheat litter and feed with aluminosilicates for improved growth and meat quality in broiler chickens

PeerJ ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. e11918
Author(s):  
Mirosław Banaszak ◽  
Jakub Biesek ◽  
Marek Adamski
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Good Alternative ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Poultry Production ◽  
Broiler Meat ◽  
Leg Muscles

Background Natural minerals have many beneficial properties in poultry production, taking into account production as well as hygiene, health, safety, and quality of broiler meat. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of aluminosilicates in feed and litter on the growth performance and meat quality in chickens. Aluminosilicates, including halloysite and zeolite, could be a good alternative for synthetics, as a good solution for the environment in line with the current trends. Methods Five-hundred male Ross 308 chickens were managed in 5 groups (10 replicates/group): LITTER: 1, control; 2, 0.95 kg/m2 of halloysite; 3, 0.475 kg/m2 of halloysite and 0.475 zeolite; 4, 0.95 kg/m2 of zeolite; 5, 0.25 kg/m2of halloysite and 0.7 kg/m2 of zeolite. FEED: groups 2–5, halloysite and zeolite addition (25:75 ratio; 0.5–2%). Growth performance (body weight and feed indicators), carcass, and meat quality (pH, colour, water-holding capacity, chemical composition of muscles) were recorded. The experimental setup, where the aluminosilicate additives were applied simultaneously, was proposed and approved by experts after pilot testing and on the basis of extensive literature where feed or litter additives were tested. Results Body weight and its gain were higher in groups 3 and 4 than in 1, and feed intake was higher in 4. The weight of the carcass and some of its components, including muscles and skin with subcutaneous fat, were higher in 2–4. Water loss from leg muscles was lower in 4. The content of protein in muscles was significantly higher in 3. The addition of aluminosilicates in feed and litter had a positive effect on the growth performance and some traits of carcasses and meat quality, especially in group 3. Halloysite and zeolite can be used in feed and litter (especially 0.475 kg/m2 for each mineral in the wheat litter).

scholarly journals Seaweed Fucoxanthin Supplementation Improves Obesity Parameters in Mild Obese Japanese Subjects

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoketsu Hitoe ◽  
Hiroshi Shimoda
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Placebo Group ◽  
Body Mass ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Thigh Circumference ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Double Blind Placebo ◽  
Obese Subjects

Background: Fucoxanthin is a seaweed xanthophyll that has demonstrated an anti-obesity effect in rodents. However, clinical investigations of its influence on mildly obese subjects has not been performed. We conducted a clinical trial of fucoxanthin supplementation in Japanese obese subjects. Methods: We examined the effect of fucoxanthin (1 or 3 mg daily) in a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Capsules containing fucoxanthin or placebo capsules were administered for 4 weeks to male and female Japanese adults with a body mass index (BMI) of more than 25 kg/m2. Before and after treatment, the body weight, body composition, abdominal fat area, and the circumferences of the neck, arm, and thigh were evaluated.Results: There was significant reduction of the relative (ratio versus before treatment) body weight, BMI, and visceral fat area in the 3 mg/day fucoxanthin group compared to the placebo group. Relative values of total fat mass, subcutaneous fat area, waist circumference, and right thigh circumference were also significantly lower in the 1 mg/day fucoxanthin group than the placebo group. A significant decrease of the absolute right thigh circumference was noted in the 1 mg/day fucoxanthin group compared to the placebo group. In the subjects ingesting fucoxanthin, there were no abnormalities of the blood pressure, pulse rate, blood parameters, and urinalysis parameters, which thereby suggests adverse effects. Conclusions: Fucoxanthin reduced body weight, BMI, and abdominal fat by acting on both visceral and subcutaneous fat. Consequently, Fucoxanthin may be able to improve a moderate overweight state in both men and women. Keywords: Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover trial; fucoxanthin; body mass index; body weight; subcutaneous fat; adipose tissue

Estimating reserve lipids in greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis)

1983 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Chappell ◽  
Rodger D. Titman
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Length ◽  
Annual Cycle ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Body Measurements ◽  
Predictive Equation ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Lesser Scaup ◽  
Fat Deposits ◽  
Aythya Marila

Greater scaup (Aythya marila) and lesser scaup (A. affinis) were collected during their spring and fall migrations at Lake St. Louis, Quebec, in 1979 and 1980. Body measurements and weights of fat deposits were obtained for 35 greater scaup and 39 lesser scaup. Carcasses were homogenized and analyzed for lipid and water content. Percent body water and skin weight were the best predictors of ether-extractable body lipids. Body weight and body weight/body length were good predictors of ether-extractable lipids but may provide less reliable estimates if used for scaup at other stages of their annual cycle. Only abdominal fat weight could be used to derive a single predictive equation estimating ether-extractable lipids for both species. Regression lines with body weight or body weight/body length as the independent variables had the same slope for both species but these differed in elevation.

The effect of gender and physical parameters on plasma concentrations of leptin and thyroid hormones in the horse

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 99-99
Author(s):  
R. R. Geering ◽  
P. J. Johnson ◽  
I. J. Lean ◽  
L Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Thyroid Hormones ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Physical Parameters ◽  
Random Group ◽  
General Linear Model Analysis ◽  
Body Conformation ◽  
Plasma Leptin

Leptin is a signalling factor involved in the regulation of body weight and is synthesised predominantly by adipocytes. In humans, there is a positive correlation between plasma concentration of leptin and body mass index (kg/m_a3) and subcutaneous fat (Considine et al., 1996; Lonnqvist et al., 1995). In vitro adipocytes obtained from women secrete more leptin than those of men (Casabeill et al., 1998). Furthermore, testosterone inhibits the expression of the leptin gene in the rat (Wu-Peng et al., 1999). The aim of this study was to examine whether gender, age and body conformation influenced plasma leptin and thyroid hormone concentrations in the horse. Materials and method Pre-slaughter body weight and height were recorded in a random group of mares (n=5), geldings (castrated males: n=7) and stallions (n=3) destined for human consumption. Their age was estimated by dental examination. Immediately post-mortem, a jugular vein blood sample was collected into a heparinised tube, which was centrifuged at 2500 rpm for 10 minutes. Plasma was stored in liquid nitrogen until analysed for plasma concentrations of leptin and thyroid hormones using human ELISA (DRG Instruments) and RIA kits (ICN Pharmaceuticals Ltd), respectively. Statistical differences between groups were assessed using General Linear Model, Analysis of Variance. Regression analysis was used to determine whether plasma leptin concentration was related to body conformation and age.

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