scholarly journals Effects of fertilisation on biomass of Norway spruce on a harsh mountain site

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 8-21
Author(s):  
I. Kuneš ◽  
D. Zahradník ◽  
V. Balcar ◽  
O. Špulák ◽  
M. Baláš ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
Element Concentrations ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Mountain Site

The organic matter produced and accumulated by plants is a crucial component in the ecosystems on environmentally disturbed sites. The aim of our study was to evaluate the influence of initial fertilising on the aboveground and belowground tree biomass of Norway spruce. The biomass amount, distribution and chemical composition were studied in a young spruce stand growing on an acidified mountain clear-cut tract. The fertilised trees accumulated a higher amount of tree biomass. They nonetheless showed lower concentrations of P, N, and K in some root compartments than control trees, which could be ascribed to a dilution effect. As for the aboveground compartments, no significant differences in element concentrations were proved.

Chemical composition and colloidal properties of dissolved organic matter in Norway spruce forest stands of different ages

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Viktoriia Meklesh ◽  
Luigi Gentile ◽  
Ulf Olsson ◽  
Anders Tunlid ◽  
Per Persson
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Dissolved Organic Matter ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Scattering Data ◽  
High Molecular Weight Fraction ◽  
Colloidal Properties ◽  
Dialysis Experiment

<p>     Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is the most mobile and actively cycling fraction of soil carbon and acts as a carrier of nutrients and contaminants. It is consumed by microbes, photodegraded, or adsorbed in soils and sediments on its way to the ocean. Despite intensive research in the last two decades, the formation and fate of DOM in soils and its response to changes in land use and climate are poorly understood [1-3]. The changes in temperature and chemical composition of soils affect substantially the rates of microbial decomposition. It has previously been observed that afforestation had a positive effect on carbon stocks approximately 3 decades after land-use change [4]. The aim of this study was to identify the role of afforestation on the chemical composition and colloidal nature of DOM. We compared water extractable DOM from an organic horizon in three differently aged (35-, 61-, 90-years-old) Norway spruce stands growing in the same Tönnersjöheden area located at Simlångsdalen, south-west Sweden . Arable fields that were adjacent to each of these three forests served as control DOM samples and represented the soil material before afforestation. Chemical composition of DOM was inferred from <sup>13</sup>C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high-resolution <sup>1</sup>H NMR, infrared spectroscopy (DRIFT) and elemental analysis measurements. Colloidal properties of DOM were investigated using small-angle X-ray and dynamic light scattering methods together with electrophoretic mobility measurements. The dialysis experiment was additionally performed in order to investigate the high molecular fraction of DOM.</p><p>     Elemental analysis revealed an increase in the ratio between total organic C and total N with forest age and no differences between three field DOM extracts. <sup>1</sup>H and <sup>13</sup>C NMR results showed that both field and forest DOM extracts were dominated by carbohydrates and also contained carboxylic and aliphatic compounds. The aromatic structures were not detected using NMR. However, some features of aromatics and phenolics were detected in IR spectra, especially in forest cold DOM. Scattering data showed that field and forest DOM contained locally stable colloidal aggregates of ca. 100 nm in radius. The structures of these aggregates are consistent with a combination of globular and cluster-like colloids. Field DOM contained slightly higher fraction of clusters than forest DOM. According to the dialysis experiment the half of DOM was presented in high molecular weight fraction (> 12-14 kDa). Overall, our data suggest that DOM extracted from forest and field organic soils had similar chemical and colloidal properties. The relative composition was dictated more by temperature at which DOM was extracted.</p><ol><li>J. Lehmann, M. Kleber, Nature. <strong>528</strong>, 60–68 (2015).</li> <li>M. W. I. Schmidt et al., Nature. <strong>478</strong> (2011), pp. 49–56.</li> <li>K. Kalbitz, S. Solinger, J.-H. Park, B. Michalzik, E. Matzner, Soil Sci. <strong>165</strong>, 277–304 (2000).</li> <li>T. G. Bárcena et al., Glob. Chang. Biol. <strong>20</strong>, 2393–2405 (2014).</li> </ol>

scholarly journals Biotic and Abiotic Determinants of Soil Organic Matter Stock and Fine Root Biomass in Mountain Area Temperate Forests—Examples from Cambisols under European Beech, Norway Spruce and Silver Fir (Carpathians, Central Europe)

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 823
Author(s):  
Anna Zielonka ◽  
Marek Drewnik ◽  
Łukasz Musielok ◽  
Marcin K. Dyderski ◽  
Dariusz Struzik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Root Biomass ◽  
Fine Root ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
European Beech ◽  
Fine Root Biomass ◽  
Silver Fir ◽  
Beech Forests

Forest ecosystems significantly contribute to the global organic carbon (OC) pool, exhibiting high spatial heterogeneity in this respect. Some of the components of the OC pool in a forest (woody aboveground biomass (wAGB), coarse root biomass (CRB)) can be relatively easily estimated using readily available data from land observation and forest inventories, while some of the components of the OC pool are very difficult to determine (fine root biomass (FRB) and soil organic matter (SOM) stock). The main objectives of our study were to: (1) estimate the SOM stock; (2) estimate FRB; and (3) assess the relationship between both biotic (wAGB, forest age, foliage, stand density) and abiotic factors (climatic conditions, relief, soil properties) and SOM stocks and FRB in temperate forests in the Western Carpathians consisting of European beech, Norway spruce, and silver fir (32 forest inventory plots in total). We uncovered the highest wAGB in beech forests and highest SOM stocks under beech forest. FRB was the highest under fir forest. We noted a considerable impact of stand density on SOM stocks, particularly in beech and spruce forests. FRB content was mostly impacted by stand density only in beech forests without any discernible effects on other forest characteristics. We discovered significant impacts of relief-dependent factors and SOM stocks at all the studied sites. Our biomass and carbon models informed by more detailed environmental data led to reduce the uncertainty in over- and underestimation in Cambisols under beech, spruce, and fir forests for mountain temperate forest carbon pools.

Chemical composition of cover crops and soil organic matter pools in no‐tillage systems in the Cerrado

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arminda Moreira de Carvalho ◽  
Luana Ramos Passos Ribeiro ◽  
Robélio Leandro Marchão ◽  
Alexsandra Duarte de Oliveira ◽  
Karina Pulrolnik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Tillage Systems

Effects of climate change on soil organic matter chemical composition and carbon content in different physical fractions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Mohrlok ◽  
Victoria Martin ◽  
Alberto Canarini ◽  
Wolfgang Wanek ◽  
Michael Bahn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Size Classes ◽  
Soil Fractions ◽  
Total Soil ◽  
C And N ◽  
Amp Clay

<p>Soil organic matter (SOM) is composed of many pools with different properties (e.g. turnover times) which are generally used in biogeochemical models to predict carbon (C) dynamics. Physical fractionation methods are applied to isolate soil fractions that correspond to these pools. This allows the characterisation of chemical composition and C content of these fractions. There is still a lack of knowledge on how these individual fractions are affected by different climate change drivers, and therefore the fate of SOM remains elusive. We sampled soils from a multifactorial climate change experiment in a managed grassland in Austria four years after starting the experiment to investigate the response of SOM in physical soil fractions to temperature (eT: ambient and elevated by +3°C), atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub>-concentration (eCO<sub>2</sub>: ambient and elevated by +300 ppm) and to a future climate treatment (eT x eCO<sub>2</sub>: +3°C and + 300 ppm). A combination of slaking and wet sieving was used to obtain three size classes: macro-aggregates (maA, > 250 µm), micro-aggregates (miA, 63 µm – 250 µm) and free silt & clay (sc, < 63 µm). In both maA and miA, four different physical OM fractions were then isolated by density fractionation (using sodium polytungstate of ρ = 1.6 g*cm<sup>-3</sup>, ultrasonication and sieving): Free POM (fPOM), intra-aggregate POM (iPOM), silt & clay associated OM (SCaOM) and sand-associated OM (SaOM). We measured C and N contents and isotopic composition by EA-IRMS in all fractions and size classes and used a Pyrolysis-GC/MS approach to assess their chemical composition. For eCO<sub>2</sub> and eT x eCO<sub>2 </sub>plots, an isotope mixing-model was used to calculate the proportion of recent C derived from the elevated CO<sub>2 </sub>treatment. Total soil C and N did not significantly change with treatments.  eCO<sub>2</sub> decreased the relative proportion of maA-mineral-associated C and increased C in fPOM and iPOM. About 20% of bulk soil C was represented by the recent C derived from the CO<sub>2</sub> fumigation treatment. This significantly differed between size classes and density fractions (p < 0.001), which indicates inherent differences in OM age and turnover. Warming reduced the amount of new C incorporated into size classes. We found that each size class and fraction possessed a unique chemical fingerprint, but this was not significantly changed by the treatments. Overall, our results show that while climate change effects on total soil C were not significant after 4 years, soil fractions showed specific effects. Chemical composition differed significantly between size classes and fractions but was unaffected by simulated climate change. This highlights the importance to separate SOM into differing pools, while including changes to the molecular composition might not be necessary for improving model predictions.    </p>

scholarly journals Reaction-Path Formulation of a Simple Dissolution Model for Radiocarbon Dating Groundwater

Radiocarbon ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 646-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Songlin Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Closed System ◽  
Redox Reactions ◽  
Radiocarbon Dating ◽  
Reaction Path ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
Carbonate Minerals ◽  
Dissolution Model ◽  
Hydrogeological Studies

Since the pioneer publication of K. O. Münnich (1957), 14C systematics have been used in many hydrogeological studies. Because of the complexity of carbon geochemistry, numerous models have been proposed to correct the dilution effect of “dead” carbon in groundwater. All the 14C correction models for dating groundwater are based on either open- or closed-system conditions. I present here a simple model that accounts for the effects of both open- and closed-system dissolution of carbonate and aluminosilicate minerals. For systems involving precipitation of carbonate minerals and redox reactions of organic matter, reaction-path simulations are essential for reliable 14C dating of groundwater.

Chemical composition and speciation of particulate organic matter from modern residential small-scale wood combustion appliances

2018 ◽  
Vol 612 ◽  
pp. 636-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hendryk Czech ◽  
Toni Miersch ◽  
Jürgen Orasche ◽  
Gülcin Abbaszade ◽  
Olli Sippula ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wood Combustion

scholarly journals Composition changes of eroded carbon at different spatial scales in a tropical watershed suggest enrichment of degraded material during transport

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3299-3305 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Rumpel ◽  
V. Chaplot ◽  
P. Ciais ◽  
A. Chabbi ◽  
B. Bouahom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Isotope Composition ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Suspended Sediments ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Vertical Decomposition ◽  
Degraded Material ◽  
Soil Units

Abstract. In order to assess whether eroded carbon is a net source or sink of atmospheric CO2, characterisation of the chemical composition and residence time of eroded organic matter (EOM) at the landscape level is needed. This information is crucial to evaluate (1) how fast EOM can be decomposed by soil microbes during its lateral transport and (2) its impact at deposition sites. This study considers a continuum of scales to measure the composition of EOM across a steep hillslope landscape of the Mekong basin with intense erosion. We sampled suspended sediments eroded during rainfall events from runoff plots (1 and 2.5 m2) and the outlets of four nested watersheds (0.6 × 104 to 1 × 107 m2). Here we show that changes in the chemical composition of EOM (measured by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy) and in its 13C and 15N isotope composition from plot scale through to landscape scale provide consistent evidence for enrichment of more decomposed EOM across distances of 10 km. Between individual soil units (1 m2) to a small watershed (107 m2), the observed 28% decrease of the C/N ratio, the enrichment of 13C and 15N isotopes as well as O-alkyl C in EOM is of similar magnitude as changes recorded with depth in soil profiles due to soil organic matter "vertical" decomposition. Radiocarbon measurements indicated ageing of EOM from the plot to the watershed scale. Therefore transport of EOM may lead to enrichment of stabilised soil organic matter compounds, eventually being subject to export from the watershed.

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