scholarly journals Mycorrhizal fungi enhance flooding tolerance of peach through inducing proline accumulation and improving root architecture

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 624-631
Author(s):  
Feng-Ling Zheng ◽  
Sheng-Min Liang ◽  
Xiao-Ning Chu ◽  
Yong-Lu Yang ◽  
Qiang-Sheng Wu
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Flooding Tolerance ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus mosseae on plant growth, root architecture, and proline metabolism in roots of peach (Prunes persica L.) under non-flooding and flooding conditions. The 12-day flooding dramatically inhibited root colonisation of G. mosseae, but induced a large number of extraradical mycelia. Although the flooding treatment also relatively inhibited growth and root architecture of peach, the mycorrhizal fungal inoculation dramatically increased shoot and root biomass, plant height, stem diameter, number of 1<sup>st</sup>- and 2<sup>nd</sup>-order lateral roots, root total length (mainly 0–1 cm and &gt; 3 cm long), root surface area, and root volume under flooding. The study also revealed distinctly higher proline accumulation in the roots of mycorrhizal plants than non-mycorrhizal plants under both non-flooding and flooding conditions, accompanied by higher Δ<sup>1</sup>-pyrroline-5-carboxylate synthase (P5CS) activity and lower δ-ornithine transaminase and proline dehydrogenase activities. In addition, the PpP5CS1 gene expression was up-regulated by flooding and mycorrhization. This study concluded that mycorrhizal fungi enhanced flooding tolerance of peach through inducing proline accumulation and improving root architecture.  

Stand morphology of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) : Seasonal growth and root development

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (34) ◽  
pp. 533 ◽  
Author(s):  
BWR Torssell ◽  
JE Begg ◽  
CW Rose ◽  
GF Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Root Length ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Heavy Rain ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
General Description ◽  
Seasonal Growth ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Stylosanthes Humilis

This paper describes the seasonal growth and morphology of a four-year-old pasture of Townsville lucerne (Stylosanthes humilis) used in a detailed microenvironmental study conducted at Katherine, N.T., during the 1966-67 wet season. Rapid germination and penetration of the tap root followed an early storm rain of 38 mm at the end of September, and most of the seedlings survived the next seven weeks without rain. A second germination followed heavy rain at the end of November, and by the end of December the main development of lateral roots commenced and the rate of shoot development increased. The highest average growth rate, 31 g/m2/day for the period March 31-April 14, was after the last rain of the season and preceded by ten weeks of above average rainfall. Growth continued for a further two weeks while the roots continued to deplete available soil water. During the main period of growth, approximately 80 per cent of root length and 70 per cent of root surface area was in the top 30 cm of soil. The density of root length varied very little below 30 cm. Growth and development are discussed in relation to grass competition and drought adaptation, and fitted to a general description of the life cycle of Townsville lucerne under northern Australian conditions.

scholarly journals (371) Hydroponic Inoculation of Cranberry with Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungus

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 1058D-1058
Author(s):  
Piero A. Spada ◽  
Beth Ann A. Workmaster ◽  
Kevin R. Kosola
Keyword(s):  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungus ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Solution Culture ◽  
Mycorrhizal Colonization ◽  
Ammonium Concentration ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Ericoid Mycorrhizal Fungus

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon) plants colonized with ericoid mycorrhizal fungi are capable of utilizing organic nitrogen sources that are unavailable to non-mycorrhizal plants. Despite the importance of mycorrhizal colonization in the nitrogen nutrition of wild cranberry, almost all measurements of cranberry nitrogen uptake and assimilation have been carried out with non-mycorrhizal plants. We have found that cranberry can be inoculated directly in solution culture. We cultured the ericoid mycorrhizal fungus Hymenoscyphusericaein liquid culture, harvested and rinsed hyphae, and added ≈200 mg fresh weight hyphae per rooted cranberry cutting (cv. Stevens) growing in a modified Johnson's solution. After 6 weeks, newly developed roots were most heavily colonized. We examined the effects of NH4+ concentration (5, 10, 20, 50, 100, and 500 μm NH4+) in solution on colonization rates. Colonization (% root length) increased with increasing ammonium concentration in solution, with maximum colonization at 50 and 100 μm NH4+; colonization was much lower at 500 μm NH4+. Cranberry inoculated with H. ericaein solution culture will be used for analysis of the effects of mycorrhizal colonization on uptake kinetics of NH4+, NO3-, and amino acids.

scholarly journals Trinexapac-ethyl Affects Kentucky Bluegrass Root Architecture

HortScience ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 1539-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Beasley ◽  
Bruce E. Branham ◽  
Loretta M. Ortiz-Ribbing
Keyword(s):  
Root Growth ◽  
Root Architecture ◽  
Shoot Growth ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Diameter ◽  
Tiller Number ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Total Root Length ◽  
Root And Shoot Growth

Trinexapac-ethyl (TE) [4-(cyclopropyl-a-hydroxy-methylene)-3,5-dioxocyclohexanecarboxylic acid ethyl ester] effects on turfgrass root architecture are not known. It has been postulated that PGR application could cause photoassimilate that is normally used for shoot growth to be funneled to root growth. This study evaluated the effects of a single TE application on kentucky bluegrass (KBG) root and shoot growth for seven weeks. Individual KBG plants were grown in a hydroponic system and harvested weekly. At each harvest, tiller height, tiller number, and color ratings were recorded. Estimates of total root length (TRL), root surface area (SA), and average root diameter were measured using the WinRhizo system. Trinexapac-ethyl reduced plant height for 4 weeks followed by a period of postinhibition growth enhancement. Trinexapac-ethyl increased tiller number over the course of the study and slightly enhanced plant color. Trinexapac-ethyl reduced TRL and SA 48% and 46% at 1 week after treatment (WAT) followed by an accelerated growth rate 1 to 4 WAT. Trinexapac-ethyl had no effect on root diameter. On a tiller basis, TE initially reduced TRL and SA 30% and 31%, respectively. Total root length per tiller and root surface area per tiller were reduced by TE treatment, but by 7 WAT, those differences were no longer significant. Initial reductions in TRL and SA per tiller may reduce tiller competitiveness for water and nutrients. Based on data for TRL and SA per tiller, shoot and root growth must be considered in total to fully understand TE effects on plant growth. Field research is needed to corroborate results from hydroponic-studies and examine the effect of various TE rates and multiple applications on turfgrass root and shoot growth.

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on cucumber growth and phosphorus uptake under cold stress

2015 ◽  
Vol 42 (12) ◽  
pp. 1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Ma ◽  
Martina Janoušková ◽  
Yansu Li ◽  
Xianchang Yu ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Cold Stress ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Colonisation ◽  
Cucumber Seedlings ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Mycorrhizal Plants

Symbiosis with root-associated arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) can improve plant phosphorus (P) uptake and alleviate environmental stresses. It could be also an effective mean to promote plant performance under low temperatures. The combined effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza and low temperature (15°C/10°C day/night) on cucumber seedlings were investigated in the present study. Root colonisation by AMF, succinate dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activity in the intraradical fungal structures, plant growth parameters, and expression profiles of four cucumber phosphate (Pi) transporters, the fungal Pi transporter GintPT and alkaline phosphatase GintALP were determined. Cold stress reduced plant growth and mycorrhizal colonisation. Inoculation improved cucumber growth under ambient temperatures, whereas under cold stress only root biomass was significantly increased by inoculation. AMF supplied P to the host plant under ambient temperatures and cold stress, as evidenced by the higher P content of mycorrhizal plants compared with non-mycorrhizal plants. Thus, the cold-stressed cucumber seedlings still benefited from mycorrhiza, although the benefit was less than that under ambient temperatures. In accordance with this, a cucumber Pi transporter gene belonging to the Pht1 gene family was strongly induced by mycorrhiza at ambient temperature and to a lesser extent under cold stress. The other three Pi transporters tested from different families were most highly expressed in cold-stressed mycorrhizal plants, suggesting a complex interactive effect of mycorrhiza and cold stress on internal P cycling in cucumber plants.

scholarly journals Response of growth and drought tolerance of Acacia seyal Del. seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 264-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdalla Ahmed ◽  
Abdelmalik Abdelmalik ◽  
Thobayet Alsharani ◽  
Bdulaziz Al-Qarawi Al-Qarawi ◽  
Ibrahim Aref
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Glomus Intraradices ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Arid Environment ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Root Tips ◽  
Acacia Seyal

Considering the improvement of acacia species growth in arid and semi-arid environment, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF); Funneliformis mosseae (syn. Glomus mosseae), Rhizophagus intraradices (syn. Glomus intraradices) and Claroideoglomus etunicatum (syn. Glomus etunicatum) on growth and drought tolerance of Acacia seyal Del. seedlings under drought cycles (7, 14, 21 and 28 days). AMF-inoculated seedlings showed a clear colonisation percentage (36–68%). AMF treatment significantly improved seedlings shoot and root growth under all drought cycles compared to non-AMF control seedlings. Moreover, AMF treatment enhanced seedlings drought resistance by increasing root surface area (root length increased by 483.76% and root tips number increased by 1 463.94% under 28 days of drought cycle), there was a strong linear relation between proline accumulation, AMF and drought stress (proline content decreased in treated seedlings by 31.3% and 14.3% and increased by 97.5% and 80.4% in untreated seedlings under drought cycles of 21 and 28 days, respectively). In conclusion, the AMF inoculation improved growth and enhanced drought tolerance of A. seyal seedlings and can be used as a natural biostimulator for acacias seedlings establishment in arid areas.

scholarly journals Improvement of Root System Architecture in Peach (Prunus persica) Seedlings by Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Related to Allocation of Glucose/Sucrose to Root

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 232 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qiang-Sheng WU ◽  
Guo-Huai LI ◽  
Ying-Ning ZOU
Keyword(s):  
Root System ◽  
System Architecture ◽  
Root Length ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Arbuscular Mycorrhizal ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root System Architecture ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Projected Area

Root system architecture (RSA) is used to describe the spatial configuration of a root system in the soil, which substantially determines the capacity of a plant to take up nutrients and water. The present study was to assess if arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Glomus mosseae, G. versiforme, and Paraglomus occultum would alter RSA of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) seedlings, and the alteration due to mycorrhization was related to allocation of glucose/sucrose to root (Aglucose/sucrose). Inoculation with G. mosseae and G. versiforme significantly increased leaf, stem, root and total fresh weights, compared with non-AMF treatment. Mycorrhizal alterations of RSA in peach plants were dependent on AMF species, because only G. mosseae and G. versiforme but not P. occultum markedly increased root length, root projected area, root surface area and root volume. For the distribution of root length classes, AMF mainly increased 0-1 and 3-4 cm root length classes, which is AMF species dependent. Inoculated seedlings with Glomus species recorded significantly higher root sucrose and leaf and root glucose concentrations and lower root sucrose concentrations than un-inoculated control. Compared with the non-AMF treatment, G. mosseae and G. versiforme generally increased the Aglucose and Asucrose, but P. occultum significantly decreased the Aglucose and Asucrose. Asucrose or Aglucose was significantly positive correlated with root length, root projected area and root surface area. The results suggest that AMF modified variables of RSA in peach, which is AMF species dependent and related to Aglucose and Asucrose.

scholarly journals Insight Into the Role of PGPR in Sustainable Agriculture and Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pratikhya Mohanty ◽  
Puneet Kumar Singh ◽  
Debosmita Chakraborty ◽  
Snehasish Mishra ◽  
Ritesh Pattnaik
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Seedling Growth ◽  
Mycorrhizal Fungi ◽  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Sulfur Oxidation ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Copper Chelation

A multitude of roles is played by microbes in food and agriculture that include nutrient cycling and management, organic matter decomposition and fermentation. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), representing microbial groups and with ability of colonizing plant roots, influence plant growth through various indirect and direct modes in order to promote its growth and/or protect it from diseases or damage due to insect attack. Thus, PGPR research has received renewed interest worldwide. Increasing number of crop-specific PGPR are being commercialized these days. Approaches like seed-inoculation and soil application either alone or in combination with bacterial culture/product for increased nutrient availability through phosphate solubilisation, potassium solubilisation, sulfur oxidation, nitrogen fixation, iron, and copper chelation are gaining popularity. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are root fungal symbiont that improve management of abiotic stress such as phosphorus deficiency. PGPR involves roles like production of indole acetic acid (IAA), ammonia (NH3), hydrogen cyanide (HCN), catalase, etc. PGPR also improve nutrient uptake by altering the level of plant hormone that enhances root surface area by increasing its girth and shape, thereby helping in absorbing more nutrients. PGPR facilitate seed germination, seedling growth and crop yield. An array of microbes including Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Azotobacter, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, Arthrobacter, Burkholderia, Bacillus, and Serratia enhance plant growth. Various Pseudomonas sp. have demonstrated significant increase in germination, seedling growth and yield in different agricultural crops, including wheat. Hence, developing a successful crop-specific PGPR formulation, the candidate should possess characteristics like high rhizosphere competence, extensive competitive saprophytic ability, growth enhancing ability, ease of mass production, broad-spectrum action, safety toward the environment and compatibility with other partnering organisms.

scholarly journals Salinity Stress Alters Root Morphology and Root Hair Traits in Brassica napus

Plants ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Rashid Arif ◽  
M. Thoihidul Islam ◽  
Arif Hasan Khan Robin
Keyword(s):  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Hairs ◽  
Root Traits ◽  
Morphological Plasticity ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
First Order ◽  
Treated Condition

Plant roots show morphological plasticity and play a substantial role in tolerance to various edaphic stresses. The aim of this study was to explore salinity-induced morphogenic responses of root traits and root hairs of two rapeseed varieties, BARI Sarisha-8 and Binasarisha-5, at the reproductive stage and perceive the effects on their reproductive growth. The experiment was conducted in a hydroponic culture. Two treatments, 0 mM NaCl as control and 100 mM NaCl, were imposed 55 d after germination. Plants exposed to 100 mM NaCl for seven days displayed greater damage in the leaves, flowers, and siliquae compared to control. Length of root hairs on first-order and third-order lateral roots, density of root hairs on first-order lateral roots, and length of third-order lateral roots were significantly greater by 91%, 22%, 29%, and 48%, respectively, in the treated condition compared to the control. An increase in estimated root surface area by 20% under salt stress conditions indicated that the spontaneous responses of plants to uptake more water and nutrients allowed a plant to cope with stressful conditions. The results of this study suggest that any future stress breeding programs should consider plasticity of root traits intensively.

scholarly journals Response of Soybean Root to Phosphorus Deficiency under Sucrose Feeding: Insight from Morphological and Metabolome Characterizations

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Ahui Yang ◽  
Lingjian Kong ◽  
Hui Wang ◽  
Xingdong Yao ◽  
Futi Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phosphorus Deficiency ◽  
Lateral Roots ◽  
Root Surface ◽  
Root Surface Area ◽  
P Availability ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Morphological Response ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Soybean Genotypes

Phosphorus (P) is one the least available essential plant macronutrients in soils that is a major constraint on plant growth. Soybean (Glycine max L.) production is often limited due to low P availability. The better management of P deficiency requires improvement of soybean’s P use efficiency. Sugars are implicated in P starvation responses, and a complete understanding of the role of sucrose together with P in coordinating P starvation responses is missing in soybean. This study explored global metabolomic changes in previously screened low-P-tolerant (Liaodou, L13) and low-P-sensitive (Tiefeng 3, T3) soybean genotypes by liquid chromatography coupled mass spectrometry. We also studied the root morphological response to sucrose application (1%) in P-starved soybean genotypes against normal P supply. Root morphology in L13 genotype has significantly improved P starvation responses as compared to the T3 genotype. Exogenous sucrose application greatly affected root length, root volume, and root surface area in L13 genotype while low-P-sensitive genotype, i.e., T3, only responded by increasing number of lateral roots. Root : shoot ratio increased after sucrose treatment regardless of P conditions, in both genotypes. T3 showed a relatively higher number of differentially accumulated metabolites between P-starved and normal P conditions as compared to L13 genotype. Common metabolites accumulated under the influence of sucrose were 5-O-methylembelin, D-glucuronic acid, and N-acetyl-L-phenylalanine. We have discussed the possible roles of the pathways associated with these metabolites. The differentially accumulated metabolites between both genotypes under the influence of sucrose are also discussed. These results are important to further explore the role of sucrose in the observed pathways. Especially, our results are relevant to formulate strategies for improving P efficiency of soybean genotypes with different P efficiencies.

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