scholarly journals Development of young substitute larch (Larix decidua Mill.) stands after first thinning

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 147-157
Author(s):  
J. Novák ◽  
M. Slodičák
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Negative Selection ◽  
Growth Dynamics ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Larix Decidua ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Stem Curvature

European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) is one of the most important tree species in substitute stands of the Kru&scaron;n&eacute; hory Mts. (northern part of the Czech Republic). At present, young larch stands have dynamic height growth and their canopy is closing. Therefore, the proper forest treatment with respect to all functions of these stands is an urgent issue. The aim of the study is to recognise when it is possible to start with thinning and what types of thinning regimes are more suitable in larch stands with respect to their functions as substitute tree species stands. Research was conducted on experimental series Kalek established in a larch monoculture in 1999 (stand age of 12 years) at an elevation of 780 m above sea level in the category Piceeto-Fagetum oligo-mesotrophicum &ndash; Calamagrostis villosa. The presented analysis has two main parts: (a) effect of closing canopy on growth of larch &ndash; comparison of the groups of trees from border and inside rows and (b) effect of opening canopy on growth and development of young larch stands &ndash; comparison of two partial plots (500 m<sup>2</sup> each): the one without thinning and the other with thinning (negative selection mainly from above at the age of 13 years). Comparative analyses of trees from border and inside rows showed high growth dynamics of these young larch stands, and therefore the first thinning is necessary in this stage (by 15 years of age). In spite of air pollution, the growth of experimental stands is supernormal and exceeds the data from growth tables, but 60% of individuals showed some malformations, mostly one-sided or two-sided stem curvature. Five years after the first thinning we found a significantly lower h/d ratio of mean stem on the thinned plot in comparison with the plot without thinning. On the other hand, the applied thinning had no effect (five years after realisation) on the h/d ratio of dominant trees (200 thickest trees per hectare).

scholarly journals The workers of the Donbas coal mines in the post reform period

2019 ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
І.В. Довжук
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Child Labor ◽  
High Growth ◽  
High Growth Rate ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Donets Basin ◽  
Reform Period ◽  
The One ◽  
Intensive Development

The article deals with the problems of providing labor in the coalmines of the Donets Basin in the post reform period. Attention is drawn to the use of female and child labor in the production process, and the conditions under which this happened are being ascertained. It is noted that the intensive development of the coal industry in the 1880-1890s led, on the one hand, to a high growth rate in the number of workers employed in coal mining, and on the other, it exacerbated the deficit of this category of workers. Gradually, with the development of industry in the region, a constant contingent of miners took shape.  As a result, the so-called mining families began to form in the coal industry of Donbass, which later became a tangible source of replenishing the ranks of workers.

Self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe: a refuge from poverty or road to riches?

2000 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 379-402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Hanley
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Eastern Europe ◽  
The Self ◽  
The Other ◽  
Property Ownership ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Proper Understanding ◽  
Self Employment ◽  
The One

Researchers analyzing self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe have frequently adopted a “dualist” model which relegates the self-employed to marginal sectors of the economy. This paper challenges the dualist approach and argues that the self-employed cannot be regarded as refugees from poverty with few resources and few opportunities to earn high incomes and accumulate wealth. Data from the Czech Republic, Poland, and Slovakia are used to show that self-employment in post-communist Eastern Europe encompasses two distinct class locations: the individually self-employed on the one hand, whose socioeconomic status differs little from that of ordinary workers, and employers on the other, who receive incomes and possess assets far in excess of that of both the individually self-employed and ordinary workers. A proper understanding of the manner in which systems of stratification have changed in Eastern Europe thus requires that one acknowledge processes of differentiation among the self-employed as well as the importance of property ownership in generating new forms of social inequality in the post-communist period.

scholarly journals Analysis of some dynamic series of forest production and trends of forest economics in the Czech Republic

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 119-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Kupčák
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Forest Management ◽  
The Other ◽  
Forest Economics ◽  
Wood Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Timber Sales ◽  
Management Regimes ◽  
The One ◽  
Dynamic Series

Functions of wood production in forestry are historically determined by felling possibilities of forest resources. Revenues from timber sales create a financial space for silvicultural operations thus providing for management continuity. These determinations have however recently shown a rather negative trend of development due to the development of timber prices on the one hand and due to increasing inputs on the other hand, last but not least also due to the projections of near-natural forest management methods and increasing area under special management regimes. In their synergy, all these factors lead to economic impacts reflected not only in the profit of forest owners but also in economic results of other entities. The paper presents an analysis into the trends of forest management primary economic variables in the Czech Republic in the period from 1998&minus;2004.

scholarly journals Brand as an innovation—The case of Czech wine

2021 ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Jan Zavodny Pospisil
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Wine Production ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Wine Market ◽  
The One ◽  
The Relationship

The Czech Republic is not a typical wine-growing country, yet winemaking and viticulture are among the oldest Czech crafts. Although the situation is slightly improving today, domestic wine production is not very preferred by Czech consumers since more than two-thirds of the wine that Czechs drink each year is imported. In the long term, the worst situation prevailed with the sales of a young wine. The cause was twofold: On the one hand, the market was already penetrated by imported Beaujolais nouveau, which became a synonym for the young wine. On the other, a peculiar Czechs’ taste for young wine was also an obstacle. As a young wine, many Czechs drink partially fermented must from grapevine fruits called “Burčák”. The young wine market was therefore seemingly penetrated with a low possibility of new brands entering it. The proposed case study will describe an ongoing campaign in which a new brand, “Svatomartinské víno”, was created. With this brand, it was possible to change the Czech consumers’ view of immature wines fundamentally. Thanks to the innovative branding approach, the product, which Czech consumers had neglected for many years, became a superior and must-have product for broad consumers. Also, the relationship between the brand and consumers has been established. The new brand has become a potential for many other related events. Last but not least, the consumption of domestic wine increased, which led to the support of local wineries and related regions.

Social Indicators: A Comparison Among Selected Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 123-144
Author(s):  
Badar Alam Iqbal ◽  
Mohd Nayyer Rahman ◽  
Munir Hasan
Keyword(s):  
World Bank ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Social Indicators ◽  
High Growth ◽  
The Other ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

The difference between growth and development is not subtle but substantially huge and the gap is ever increasing. The dividing line is social indicators. Countries witnessing high growth rates for decades are not equal performers in development when social indicators are observed. India is an emerging economy on the one hand and a developing on the other hand but a lower income country as per World Bank statistic. While India holds economic indicators that appears to be promising to the world and investors that is not the case with social indicators. The present study is an attempt to critically review the social indicators for India and to trace the trajectory of fall or growth in such indicators while comparing with selected countries.

scholarly journals Effect of some factors on the incidence of choke (Epichloë typhina) in grass seed stands in the Czech Republic

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 10-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Cagaš ◽  
R. Macháč
Keyword(s):  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Orchard Grass ◽  
Choke Disease ◽  
Very High

Choke of grasses caused by Epichlo&euml; typhina occurred in 2008 and 2009 in more than 25% of grass seed stands of timothy (Phleum pratense and P. nodosum); a lower incidence was reported in orchard grass (Dactylis glomerata). A decline in disease incidence in 2010 was caused partly by a reduction in the total area of grasses grown for seed production and partly by a decrease of older grass seed stands. The incidence of choke in timothy varieties Odenw&auml;lder and Pampas was very high; they differed statistically from the other 24 grown cultivars. No difference was found among 21 varieties of orchard grass. The highest incidence of choke was observed in varieties Comer and Dolina (timothy) and Amera (orchard grass). The incidence of choke in cultivated varieties of Phleum spp. and D. glomerata was affected by stand age (the incidence of the disease in timothy was recorded in 13% of stands in the first cropping year and in 50% of stands in the fifth cropping year). Choke disease occurred in all regions where the species were grown for seed. &nbsp;

scholarly journals The xylem of anisohydric Quercus alba L. is more vulnerable to embolism than isohydric co-dominants

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Benson ◽  
Chelcy Miniat ◽  
Andrew Oishi ◽  
Sander Denham ◽  
Jean-Christophe Domec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Acer Saccharum ◽  
The Other ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Carbon Uptake ◽  
Quercus Alba ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Xylem Embolism ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Xylem Vulnerability

The coordination of plant leaf water potential (Ψ) regulation and xylem vulnerability to embolism is fundamental for understanding the tradeoffs between carbon uptake and risk of hydraulic damage. There is a general consensus that trees with vulnerable xylem regulate Ψ more conservatively than plants with resistant xylem. We evaluated if this paradigm applied to three important eastern US temperate tree species, Quercus alba L., Acer saccharum Marsh., and Liriodendron tulipifera L., by synthesizing 1600 Ψ observations, 122 xylem embolism curves, and xylem anatomical measurements across ten forests spanning pronounced hydroclimatological gradients and ages. We found that, unexpectedly, the species with the most vulnerable xylem (Q. alba) regulated Ψ less strictly than the other species. This relationship was found across all sites, such that coordination among traits was largely unaffected by climate and stand age. Quercus species are perceived to be among the most drought tolerant temperate US forest species; however, our results suggest their relatively loose Ψ regulation in response to hydrologic stress occurs with a substantial hydraulic cost that may expose them to novel risks in a more drought-prone future. We end by discussing mechanisms that allow these species to tolerate and/or recover from hydraulic damage.

scholarly journals Życiorysy czytelnicze zarys koncepcji

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 227-239
Author(s):  
Jiří Trávníček
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Social Context ◽  
Life Stories ◽  
Degree Of Freedom ◽  
The Other ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
Professional Groups ◽  
Statistical Surveys ◽  
The One

ŻYCIORYSY CZYTELNICZE ZARYS KONCEPCJIProjekt badawczy życiorysów czytelniczych — jego zaplecze i rezultaty, stosunek do biografistyki. Myślenie narracyjne i lektura, opowieść biografi czna. Potencjał życiorysów czytelniczych.LIFE STORIES OF READERS AN OUTLINE OF A CONCEPTBetween 2007 and 2013 the author carried out extensive statistical surveys of reading in the Czech Republic, the results of which were published successively in 2008, 2011 and 2014. At the same time, between 2009 and 2015 he collected 138 life stories of readers from across the country, representative of the various generations as well as social and professional groups. This material has made it possible to distinguish and describe four generations of readers: 15–24, 25–44, 45–64 and over 65, and to point to key phenomena concerning Czech readers — specific works and authors as well as attitudes to reading in general.The concept of life stories, a unique variety of biographies, on the one hand is based on a chronological interview script, the objective of which is to reconstruct the development of specific readers, and on the other it provides for a degree of freedom and spontaneity of expression, which also reveal an emotional attitude to reading. Another important feature is a strong historical and social context of reading across society. Sources produced as a result significantly complement typical memoirs and letters, which feature reading-related themes, as well as statistical surveys.

Czech republic: outlook of accession to the european union

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Luděk Urban
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Czech Republic ◽  
Transformation Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Accession ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Eu

The Czech economy is undergoing two dominant processes: on the one hand transformation process which is far from being finished, on the other hand the Czech Republic is preparing its legislation and takes other measures to be ready for accession to the EU. The process of EU accession is a relationship of two partners who are not in quite an equal position. One party, an associated country aspiring to join the EU, tries to demonstrate that it fulfills the laid down conditions of accession and that it is ready for this act.

scholarly journals   Agri-food exports in the enlarged European Union

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 8) ◽  
pp. 354-366 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Antimiani ◽  
A. Carbone ◽  
V. Costantini ◽  
R. Henke
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The Other ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
The Czech Republic ◽  
New Member States ◽  
Export Dynamics ◽  
Catching Up ◽  
Food Market ◽  
The One

&nbsp; This paper explores the agri-food export dynamics in the New Member States and the Old Member States of the European Union during the enlargement process. The analysis relies on two different approaches based on the similarity and the sophistication indices of exported goods using a disaggregation at 95 items. The analysis shows that different and somehow divergent paths are in place. On the one side, the Czech Republic and Poland are involved in a quality catching up process and increase their competitiveness. On the other side, Bulgaria and Romania seem to be still trapped in the low-quality segment of the agri-food market with a decreasing competitiveness performance in the richest segment of the European market. &nbsp;

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