scholarly journals Occurrence and characteristics of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci in raw milk manufacturing

2012 ◽  
Vol 29 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S11-S16 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Vyletělová ◽  
H. Vlková ◽  
I. Manga
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcal Cassette Chromosome

For monitoring the occurrence of MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) and MR-CNS (methicillin resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci), cow’s, goat’s, and sheep’s milks (bulk milks and individual samples) were investigated. Human nasal and throat swabs of the farm staff and nasal swabs of animals were also investigated as well. In total 1729 samples were examined and 634 strains were isolated by means of the cultivation method and used in this study. Generic identification of the staphylococci isolates was done performed by biochemical tests and all S. aureus and CNS isolates were checked by the PCR method for the presence of mecA gene which is responsible for methicillin resistance. The presence of the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec), Panton-Valentine leukocidin (pvl) and genes encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst) was detected in all strains confirmed as MRSA. The species were also examined for antimicrobial susceptibility by using disk diffusion method with antibiotic disks. S. aureus was the most frequently identified species from the samples tested (n = 557; 32.2%), followed by S. haemolyticus (n = 32; 1.9%), S. chromogenes (n = 24; 1.4%), S. epidermidis (n = 20; 1.2%), and S. caprae (n = 1; 0.16%). Among the resistant staphylococci (n = 49), S. aureus (n = 25; 51%) was found the most frequently, followed by S. epidermidis (n = 17; 34.7%), S. chromogenes (n = 6; 12.2%), and S. haemolyticus (n = 1; 2%). The resistant Staphyloccocus sp. occurred mainly in cow’s milk (MRSA, S. epidermidis, S. chromogenes, S. haemolyticus) and in animal’s swabs (S. epidermidis). One MRSA was also found in goat’s milk and one was isolated from human swab. No resistant strains were found in sheep’s milk. The negative results of the analysed genes presence (pvl, tst) were identical with all MRSA tested. The staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) was classified as type IV or V.

EVALUATION OF THE METHOSD FOR DETECTION METHICILLIN-RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.

2013 ◽  
pp. 25-31
Author(s):  
Thi Kim Chi Nguyen ◽  
Dinh Binh Tran ◽  
Thi Nam Lien Nguyen ◽  
Van Tuan Mai ◽  
Godreuil Sylvain
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Resistant Strains

Objective: To evaluate the infections that caused by Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and the value of the tests to detect Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Subjects and Methods: Used routine techniques to culture and isolate S.aureus, test the antibiotic sensitivity by Kirby-Bauerr, determination the Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus by Oxacillin and cefoxitin disc and PCR in identified the mecA gene Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The rate of Staphylococcus aureus isolated is highest which isolated from pus specimens (55.06%). In 267 strains of Staphylococcus aureus isolated in the Department of Microbiology, Hue Central Hospital the Methicillin resistance Staphylococcus aureus was 61.42%. The level of antibiotic resistant strains of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is higher than that in Methicillin-sensitive strains. Conclusion: Cefoxitin 30 microg disk diffusion method to detect Methicillin resistance is effective for determinate Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (sensitivity and specificity are all 100.00%). Key words: Staphylococcus aureus Methicillin-resistant.

scholarly journals Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection: risk factors and clinical outcome in non-intensive-care units

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-193 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karinne Spirandelli Carvalho Naves ◽  
Natália Vaz da Trindade ◽  
Paulo Pinto Gontijo Filho
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Staphylococcus Aureus Bloodstream Infection

INTRODUCTION: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is spread out in hospitals across different regions of the world and is regarded as the major agent of nosocomial infections, causing infections such as skin and soft tissue pneumonia and sepsis. The aim of this study was to identify risk factors for methicillin-resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infection (BSI) and the predictive factors for death. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of fifty-one patients presenting bacteraemia due to S. aureus between September 2006 and September 2008 was analysed. Staphylococcu aureus samples were obtained from blood cultures performed by clinical hospital microbiology laboratory from the Uberlândia Federal University. Methicillinresistance was determined by growth on oxacillin screen agar and antimicrobial susceptibility by means of the disk diffusion method. RESULTS: We found similar numbers of MRSA (56.8%) and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (43.2%) infections, and the overall hospital mortality ratio was 47%, predominantly in MRSA group (70.8% vs. 29.2%) (p=0.05). Age (p=0.02) was significantly higher in MRSA patients as also was the use of central venous catheter (p=0.02). The use of two or more antimicrobial agents (p=0.03) and the length of hospital stay prior to bacteraemia superior to seven days (p=0.006) were associated with mortality. High odds ratio value was observed in cardiopathy as comorbidity. CONCLUSIONS: Despite several risk factors associated with MRSA and MSSA infection, the use of two or more antimicrobial agents was the unique independent variable associated with mortality.

Evaluation of antibiotic resistance pattern and mecA gene frequency in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains collected from clinical specimens in Marand hospital and treatment centers, Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abolfazl Jafari-Sales ◽  
Zahra Sadeghi Deylamdeh ◽  
Afsoon Shariat
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Disk Diffusion ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Medical Centers ◽  
Wide Range

Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus causes a wide range of infections and as a multivalent pathogen is one of the causative agents of nosocomial and community infections. Therefore, the aim of this study was to identify and determine the pattern of antibiotic resistance of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from patients in hospitals and medical centers in Marand city and also to evaluate the presence of mecA gene. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 385 samples of S. aureus were collected from different clinical samples of patients in hospitals and medical centers of Marand city. S. aureus was identified using standard biochemical methods.  Methicillin resistance was determined by disk diffusion method in the presence of oxacillin and cefoxitin. The pattern of antibiotic resistance of the strains was determined by disk diffusion method and according to CLSI recommendation and also PCR method was used to evaluate the frequency of MecA gene. Results: In the present study, out of 385 samples of S. aureus, 215 (55.84%) samples were methicillin resistant. PCR results for mecA gene showed that 110 samples had mecA gene.  The highest antibiotic resistance was observed against penicillin (100%) and erythromycin (83.63%). Most MRSA were isolated from urine and wound samples. Conclusion: The results of this study indicate the prevalence of methicillin-resistant species and also the increase in antibiotic resistance of MRSA to various antibiotics.  Therefore, in order to prevent increased resistance to other antibiotics, it is recommended to avoid inappropriate use of antibiotics.

scholarly journals Molecular detection and typing of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci isolated from cattle, animal handlers, and their environment from Karnataka, Southern Province of India

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 1760-1768 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nimita Venugopal ◽  
Susweta Mitra ◽  
Rituparna Tewari ◽  
Feroze Ganaie ◽  
Rajeswari Shome ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Sccmec Type ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Methicillin Resistant

Background and Aim: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci are among the emerging pathogens which have become a threat to both human and animal health. The present investigation intended to examine the occurrence and the molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci (MRCoNS) recovered from cattle, its handlers, and their environment. Materials and Methods: A total of 666 specimens were subjected to culture method and genus-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of Staphylococcus. Methicillin resistance was substantiated by PCR identification of mecA and mecC resistance determinants. Species-specific identification of mecA positive isolates was conducted by multiplex PCR. The unidentified species were deciphered by 16S rRNA gene sequencing approach. The mecA positive isolates were further characterized by staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCCmec) typing and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results: Duplex PCR identified 728 Staphylococcus isolates, of which 66 (9%) were positive for mecA gene. MRSA constituted 24% of the total mecA positive isolates. Among MRCoNS, Staphylococcus epidermidis (42%), and Staphylococcus haemolyticus (11%) were the most common species identified. Overall, 47% of the mecA positive isolates belonged to SCCmec type V. MLST analysis showed eight different sequence types (STs) among MRSA isolates of which five were novel STs. Among methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, 19 different STs were found, of which nine novel STs were detected. Conclusion: The increase in the prevalence of mecA positive staphylococci, especially MRCoNS in cattle is a great concern in view of their transmission potential. Hence, continuous monitoring and molecular characterization of methicillin-resistant staphylococci should be elucidated in human and animal sectors so as to prevent the spread of these resistant pathogens.

scholarly journals Phenotypic and Genotypic Characteristics of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Dairy and Meat Products in Iran

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.M. Soltan Dallal ◽  
Z. Salehipour ◽  
M.K. Sharifi Yazdi ◽  
R. Bakhtiari ◽  
M. Abdi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Gastrointestinal Diseases ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics

Background: Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) plays an important role in gastrointestinal diseases. The goal of this research was to determine phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of MRSA isolated from dairy and meat products in Iran. Methods: Ninety-three S. aureus isolates were prepared which had been obtained in our previous study. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was done using disk diffusion method. The isolates were further analyzed by mecA gene detection. Staphylococcal Enterotoxins (SEs) and Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin 1 (TSST1) were screened. Biotyping and molecular typing were done by short sequence repeats of spa and coa genes. Results: Five out of 93 S. aureus isolates (5.37%) included mecA. All five MRSA isolates were sensitive to at least six tested antibiotics and none were resistant to vancomycin. Furthermore, two isolates were multidrug resistant. Four isolates produced SEs and TSST1. Three out of 5 isolates were related to human biotype and two belonged to non-host-specific biotype. Conclusion: Presence of MRSA in dairy and meat products may be an important hygienic risk for the Iranian consumers, especially for immunocompromised people.

Prevalence of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Cattle Milk from dairy Herds in Oyo State, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O Oludairo
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Milk Samples

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has received a lot of attention in recent years as a zoonotic organism of global concern. Contaminated milk, especially those from mastitic cows, serve as reservoirs for humans in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistant MRSA. This study was designed to determine the level of contamination of bulk fresh milk from dairy cattle herds with MRSA in Ibarapa, Oyo and Oke-Ogun areas of Oyo State and the antibiotic resistance profile of the isolates. One hundred and sixty-five (165) milk samples were obtained from the study areas and used for the study. Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the samples using bacterial culture and biochemical tests. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was identified using cefoxitin disk diffusion method. All the S. aureus isolates were subjected to microbial susceptibility test. Ninety (54.5%) milk samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp. out of which 52 (31.5%) were Staphylococcus aureus and 13 (7.9%) yielded MRSA. Antibiogram of S. aureus indicated highest resistance to Cloxacillin (88.5%) followed by (Augmentin 67.3%) and Ceftrazidine (67.3%). Ten out of the 13 MRSA isolates were multidrug resistance while all the isolates were 100% susceptible to ofloxacin. The results of this study showed that milk produced from dairy cattle in Oyo State was contaminated with MRSA. This portends serious food safety and public health risk among the consumers of such milk especially in raw or improperly pasteurized form. Proper dairy herd health management and prudent use of antibiotics and hygienic milking procedures are hereby recommended to prevent contamination of milk and subsequent spread of the organism to humans.

scholarly journals Coagulase-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus circulating in clinical mastitic goats in Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 1303-1310
Author(s):  
Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana ◽  
Tridip Das ◽  
Avijit Dutta ◽  
Mizanur Rahman ◽  
Mohammad Bayazid Bostami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Clinical Parameters ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Lactating Goats ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

Background and Aim: Staphylococcus aureus is argued as one of the principal organisms responsible for mammary gland infection in lactating goats, causing both clinical and subclinical mastitis. Being highly zoonotic potential, pathogen emergence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has a significant clinical impact on treatment and management of clinical mastitis. We conducted a cross-sectional study to investigate the prevalence of coagulase-positive S. aureus (CoPS), antimicrobial resistance profile of Staphylococcus spp., prevalence of MRSA, and association between different clinical parameters with CoPS. Materials and Methods: A total of 67 clinical mastitic goats were sampled based on clinical examination and California mastitis test. Standard bacteriological methods were performed to isolate and identify Staphylococcus spp. CoPS were confirmed by nuc gene using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). All staphylococcal isolates were further examined for antimicrobial susceptibility testing by disk diffusion method. MRSA was confirmed based on mecA gene-based PCR. Results: Here, 49 (73.13%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 61.41-82.35) samples were positive for Staphylococcus spp., of which 17 (34.69%; 95% CI, 22.88-48.73) isolates were CoPS and rest of the isolates (32; 65.30%; 95% CI, 51.27-77.12) were identified as coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. (coagulase-negative staphylococci [CNS]). Both, CoPS and CNS isolates displayed the highest resistance against tetracycline (76.47% and 75%, respectively) and oxacillin (70.58% and 68.75%, respectively). Notably, all staphylococcal isolates were multidrug-resistant (showed resistance to ≥3 classes of antimicrobials). mecA gene was found in 6 (8.96%; 95% CI, 3.84-18.52) CoPS isolates indicating MRSA strains. Among different clinical parameters, presence of high body temperature (p<0.05), firm udder consistency (p<0.01), bloodstained milk (p<0.00), and pus in milk (p<0.00) were significantly associated with the presence of CoPS in mastitic caprine milk. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA isolated from clinical caprine mastitis cases in Bangladesh. The findings of this study would help in cautious selection as well as administration of antimicrobials for therapeutic management of mastitic goats.

scholarly journals Molecular investigation of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus isolates from blood: USA600 emerges as the major type

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (05) ◽  
pp. 336-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Goudarzi ◽  
Fattaneh Sabzehali ◽  
Mohsen Heidary ◽  
Hadi Azimi ◽  
Hossein Goudarzi
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Major Type ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Encoding Genes

Introduction: The widespread emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is turning into a real worry in public health. The goals of the present study were to identify resistance and virulence encoding genes and molecular characteristics of methicillin-resistant S. aureus bloodstream isolates. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 84 S. aureus bloodstream isolates during a 10-month period. To evaluate antibiotic susceptibility of the isolates, we used Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. In addition, the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance and toxins genes was assessed using polymerase chain reaction. Isolates were typed according to polymorphisms seven housekeeping genes by MLST. Results: All the isolates were resistant to methicillin. The most prevalent resistance gene was mecA gene (100%) followed by tetM (57.1%), aac (6΄)-Ie/aph (2˝) (53.6%), ant (4΄)-Ia (46.4%), ermA (45.2%), msrA (35.7%), msrB (33.3%), aph (3΄)-IIIa (33.3%), ermB (31%), ermC (16.7%), and mupA (14.3%) genes. The presence of toxin encoding genes tst, pvl, eta, and etb were detected in 25%, 14.3%, 3.6% and 3.6%, respectively. The isolates were classified into five different sequence types: ST45 (29.8%), ST239 (27.4%), ST858 (21.4%), ST22 (17.8%), and ST59 (3.6%). All the high-level mupirocin-resistant (HLMUPR) strains belonged to ST239, while the low-level mupirocin resistant (LLMUPR) strains belonged to ST22 (13%) and ST239 (6%). Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first report of ST59 in MRSA bloodstream isolates in Iran. Our data demonstrated the need for thorough epidemiological monitoring to detect emergence and dissemination of MDR- MRSA types in our hospitals.

scholarly journals Detection of mecA gene by latex agglutination and its molecular analysis by PCR in methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus.

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (07) ◽  
pp. 1363-1370
Author(s):  
Aneela Khawaja ◽  
Iffat Javed ◽  
Sohaila Mushtaq ◽  
Saeed Anwar ◽  
Faiqa Arshad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistance ◽  
Meca Gene ◽  
Latex Agglutination ◽  
Medical Institute ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Agglutination Method ◽  
Resistant Strains

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a devastating question that is threatening the health globally. The extensive and indiscriminative use of antibiotics has evolved a notorious resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.  This resistance developed through possession of mecA gene, which codes for modified penicillin binding protein (PBP2a) and the emergent strain being labeled “methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus”. Conventional phenotypic techniques for detection of MRSA rely on standardization of cultural characteristics. The drawbacks of diagnostic error to report MRSA include: poor prognosis, expensive treatment, dissemination of multi-drug resistant strains and even treatment failure. Latex agglutination method can be adopted as a more accurate and quick strategy for rapid detection of methicillin resistance. Objectives: To compare detection of mecA gene in methicillin resistant isolates of Staphylococcus aureus by latex agglutination and PCR; by assessing the sensitivity and specificity of both methods. Study Design: Descriptive Cross-Sectional study. Setting: Pathology Department, Post Graduate Medical Institute, Lahore. Period: From January 2015 to December 2015; according to standard operating procedures at Microbiology laboratory. Material & Methods: A total 713 consecutive, non-duplicate isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were processed. Methicillin resistance was determined using cefoxitin (30mg) by Kirby-Bauer method using CLSI guideline (2016), latex agglutination method; and PCR for mecA gene. Results: The results showed that out of 713 Staphylococcus aureus isolates, 92 (12.90%) isolates were resistant to cefoxitin and were labelled as MRSA. majority MRSA isolates recovered from pus (44.57%) and wound swab (20.65%), followed by blood (13.04%), fluid (8.70%), CSF (4.35%), CVP (3.26%), HVS (3.26%) and tracheal secretion (2.17%). By latex agglutination method, 87 (94.50%) were positive for PBP2a; while on PCR mecA gene was detected only in 82 (89.10%) MRSA isolates. When assessed with PCR (gold standard) the sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of latex agglutination was 100% and 94.57%, respectively. Conclusion: Latex agglutination test can be employed as rapid and reliable diagnostic technique in MRSA isolates for mecA gene detection, where resources for molecular methods are inadequate. This can effectually lessen the misdiagnosis of resistant strains, and over/ ill-use of antibiotics.

Assessment of Mupirocin Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Attia ◽  
Abeer Abd El Rahim Ghazal ◽  
Omnia M. Khaleel ◽  
Ahmed Gaballah
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Research Institute Hospital ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization is considered a major risk factor for nosocomial infections and its decolonization has reduced these infections. Mupirocin (MUP) is the topical antibiotic of choice for decolonization. MUP decolonization failure is attributed to MUP resistance. Objective: The aim of the current study is to assess MUP resistance among MRSA isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Methodology: Fifty MRSA isolates were identified in Microbiology Department in the Medical Research Institute hospital, Alexandria University. Antibiotic susceptibility to different classes of antibiotics by disk diffusion method was done. MUP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined phenotypically by MUP Ezy MIC™ Strips. MUP resistance was determined genetically by multiplex PCR detection of mupA and mupB. Results: Of all MRSA isolates, 6% exhibited high level and none showed low level MUP resistance. Only mupA was detected in all resistant isolates. Conclusion: Despite low prevalence of MUP resistance, it is appropriate to test MUP resistance prior nasal decolonization

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