scholarly journals Effect of salsolinol on ACTH and cortisol response to handling stress in early anestrous sheep

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hasiec ◽  
M. Szlis ◽  
N. Chmielewska ◽  
K. Górski ◽  
K. Romanowicz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Handling Stress ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Intracerebroventricular Injections ◽  
Cortisol Release

Inhibition of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis activity by salsolinol was demonstrated in lactating sheep. We assessed whether salsolinol regulates, besides lactation, also adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) and cortisol release, and if its action is prolactin-dependent. We examined two groups of early anestrous sheep, which received for three days salsolinol or vehicle-only intracerebroventricular injections, and a group of lactating sheep injected with the vehicle only. On day 3, blood samples were collected for over six hours and the anterior pituitary was dissected. Plasma ACTH, cortisol, and prolactin concentrations, and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) and prolactin (PRL) mRNA expression within the anterior pituitary were assayed. In all groups, ACTH and cortisol concentrations were higher (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) during the first half of sampling than in the second half; there were no differences in prolactin concentration. Lactating sheep had lower (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations and higher (P < 0.001) plasma prolactin concentration than both groups of anestrous sheep during the first half of sampling. In the second half, there were no differences in ACTH and cortisol concentrations between all groups, but prolactin concentration was still higher (P < 0.001) in lactating animals. Salsolinol treatment decreased ACTH and cortisol concentrations during the first half of sampling (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) compared to the anestrous controls, but had no effect on prolactin concentration. POMC mRNA expression was lower (P < 0.05) and PRL mRNA expression was higher (P < 0.05) in lactating sheep than in anestrous sheep. Salsolinol did not affect POMC and PRL mRNA expression. In conclusion, increased ACTH and cortisol concentrations during the first half of sampling occurred in response to handling stress. Salsolinol inhibited the HPA axis response to stress in early anestrous sheep, and it was unrelated to prolactin secretion.

Glucocorticoid-mediated responses of plasma ACTH and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin, growth hormone and prolactin mRNAs during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat

1992 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 273-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Stephanou ◽  
N. J. Sarlis ◽  
R. A. Knight ◽  
S. L. Lightman ◽  
H. S. Chowdrey
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Negative Feedback ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Feedback Effect ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Pomc Mrna ◽  
Prolactin Mrna

ABSTRACT Adjuvant arthritis (AA) in the rat leads to chronic stimulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the loss of its diurnal rhythmicity. We have investigated the effects of adrenalectomy (ADX) and different levels of corticosterone replacement upon plasma ACTH levels and anterior pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), GH and prolactin mRNAs during the development of AA. In control ADX animals, we observed the negative feedback effects of exogenous corticosterone on plasma ACTH and anterior pituitary POMC mRNA. In the ADX animal with AA, however, the increased POMC mRNA which was observed was not reduced by exogenous corticosterone on day 7 of AA, although the negative feedback effect of corticosterone on plasma ACTH was intact. On day 14, however, even high dose corticosterone replacement failed to have a significant feedback effect on the raised levels of plasma ACTH. In control ADX animals, corticosterone replacement resulted in increased anterior pituitary GH mRNA and reduced prolactin mRNA. In contrast, in ADX animals with AA, GH mRNA was reduced and there was a further decrease in prolactin mRNA. In these animals, corticosterone replacement did not affect GH or prolactin mRNA expression. These data demonstrate a disruption of the normal mechanisms underlying feedback inhibition of the HPA axis by glucocorticoids during AA. Similarly, the glucocorticoid-dependent regulation of GH and prolactin mRNA expression is altered in AA.

scholarly journals Changes in prolactin secretion in the short- and long-term after adrenalectomy

2012 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 244-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Thereza C. Laguna-Abreu ◽  
Carla Germano ◽  
Ayrton C. Moreira ◽  
José Antunes-Rodrigues ◽  
Lucila Elias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Peptidergic Neurons ◽  
Prolactin Release ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
Hypothalamus Pituitary Adrenal Axis ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the modulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) on prolactin secretion in rats after adrenalectomy (ADX). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Plasma corticosterone, ACTH, and prolactin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay in rats after bilateral ADX in the short- (3 hours and 1day) and long-term (3, 7, and 14 days). RESULTS: Animals that underwent ADX showed undetectable corticosterone levels and a triphasic ACTH response with a transient increase (3h), a decrease (1d), and further increase in the long-term after ADX. Sham animals showed a marked increase in corticosterone and ACTH levels three hours after surgery, with a decrease to basal levels thereafter. Plasma prolactin levels were not changed after ADX. CONCLUSION: There are different points of equilibrium in the HPA axis after the glucocorticoid negative feedback is removed. Prolactin plasma secretion is not altered in the short or long- term after ADX, suggesting that the peptidergic neurons essential for prolactin release are not activated after ADX.

scholarly journals Hypoactivity of the Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Adrenocortical Axis during Recovery from Chronic Variable Stress

Endocrinology ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 147 (4) ◽  
pp. 2008-2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M. Ostrander ◽  
Yvonne M. Ulrich-Lai ◽  
Dennis C. Choi ◽  
Neil M. Richtand ◽  
James P. Herman
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Chronic Stress ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Novel Environment ◽  
Systemic Hypoxia ◽  
Delayed Recovery ◽  
Chronic Variable Stress

Chronic stress induces both functional and structural adaptations within the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis, suggestive of long-term alterations in neuroendocrine reactivity to subsequent stressors. We hypothesized that prior chronic stress would produce persistent enhancement of HPA axis reactivity to novel stressors. Adult male rats were exposed to chronic variable stress (CVS) for 1 wk and allowed to recover. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone levels were measured in control or CVS rats exposed to novel psychogenic (novel environment or restraint) or systemic (hypoxia) stressors at 16 h, 4 d, 7 d, or 30 d after CVS cessation. Plasma ACTH and corticosterone responses to psychogenic stressors were attenuated at 4 d (novel environment and restraint) and 7 d (novel environment only) recovery from CVS, whereas hormonal responses to the systemic stressor were largely unaffected by CVS. CRH mRNA expression was up-regulated in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) at 16 h after cessation of CVS, but no other alterations in PVN CRH or arginine vasopressin mRNA expression were observed. Thus, in contrast to our hypothesis, reductions of HPA axis sensitivity to psychogenic stressors manifested at delayed recovery time points after CVS. The capacity of the HPA axis to respond to a systemic stressor appeared largely intact during recovery from CVS. These data suggest that chronic stress selectively targets brain circuits responsible for integration of psychogenic stimuli, resulting in decreased HPA axis responsiveness, possibly mediated in part by transitory alterations in PVN CRH expression.

scholarly journals Lipopolysaccharide Challenge Reveals Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Dysfunction in Murine Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (10) ◽  
pp. 184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace Pham ◽  
Keisa Mathis
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Lupus Erythematosus ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Innate Immune ◽  
Systemic Lupus ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Lps Challenge ◽  
Fos Expression

Crosstalk between the brain and innate immune system may be dysregulated in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a chronic autoimmune disease that presents with dysautonomia and aberrant inflammation. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis is an endogenous neuro-endocrine-immune pathway that can regulate inflammation following activation of vagal afferents. We hypothesized that chronic inflammatory processes in SLE are in part due to HPA axis dysfunction, at the level of either the afferent vagal-paraventricular nuclei (PVN) interface, the anterior pituitary, and/or at the adrenal glands. To study this, we challenged female control and SLE mice with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and measured c-Fos expression as an index of neuronal activation, plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) as an index of anterior pituitary function, and plasma corticosterone as an index of adrenal function. We found that c-Fos expression in the PVN, and plasma ACTH and corticosterone were comparable between unchallenged SLE and control mice. PVN c-Fos was increased similarly in control and SLE mice three hours after LPS challenge; however, there were no changes in plasma ACTH amongst any experimental groups post inflammatory challenge. Plasma corticosterone was markedly increased in LPS-challenged SLE mice compared to their vehicle-treated counterparts, but not in controls. Paradoxically, following LPS challenge, brain and spleen TNF-α were elevated in LPS-challenged SLE mice despite heightened plasma corticosterone. This suggests that, despite normal c-Fos expression in the PVN and activation of the HPA axis following LPS challenge, this cumulative response may not adequately defend SLE mice against inflammatory stimuli, leading to abnormally heightened innate immune responses and peripheral inflammation.

scholarly journals Glucocorticoid Receptor Blockade Disinhibits Pituitary-Adrenal Activity during the Stress Hyporesponsive Period of the Mouse

Endocrinology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 146 (3) ◽  
pp. 1458-1464 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Schmidt ◽  
S. Levine ◽  
M. S. Oitzl ◽  
M. van der Mark ◽  
M. B. Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Paraventricular Nucleus ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Glucocorticoid Receptors ◽  
Maternal Deprivation ◽  
Plasma Acth ◽  
Deprivation Effect ◽  
Cd1 Mice ◽  
Pituitary Adrenal Axis

During postnatal development, mice undergo a period of reduced responsiveness of the pituitary-adrenal axis, the stress hyporesponsive period (SHRP), which is largely under control of maternal signals. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that this quiescence in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) activity is mediated by glucocorticoid feedback. For this purpose, the role of mineralocorticoid receptors (MR) and glucocorticoid receptors (GR) in control of HPA activity was examined during the SHRP and in response to 24 h of maternal deprivation. Nondeprived or deprived (24 h) CD1 mice on postnatal d 8 were injected sc at 16 and 8 h before testing with the MR antagonist RU28318 or the GR antagonist RU38486. The results showed that, in nondeprived mice, blockade of GR rather than MR triggered a profound increase in anterior pituitary proopiomelanocortin mRNA, circulating ACTH, and corticosterone concentrations. In contrast, CRH mRNA in hypothalamus and GR mRNA in hippocampus and hypothalamus were decreased. Blockade of the GR during the deprivation period amplified the rise in corticosterone induced by maternal deprivation, whereas it reversed the deprivation effect on the other HPA markers, leading to profound increases in plasma ACTH, proopiomelanocortin mRNA expression in the anterior pituitary, CRH mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus, and MR mRNA expression in the hippocampus, but not in GR mRNA expression in the hippocampus and paraventricular nucleus. In conclusion, the data suggest that control of postnatal pituitary-adrenal activity during the SHRP involves GR-mediated feedback in the anterior pituitary, which is further potentiated in the absence of the mother.

scholarly journals Association and Genetic Expression between Genes Involved in HPA Axis and Suicide Behavior: A Systematic Review

Genes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 1608
Author(s):  
Yazmín Hernández-Díaz ◽  
Alma Delia Genis-Mendoza ◽  
Thelma Beatriz González-Castro ◽  
Carlos Alfonso Tovilla-Zárate ◽  
Isela Esther Juárez-Rojop ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Nucleotide Polymorphisms ◽  
Single Nucleotide ◽  
Suicide Behavior ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Stress Pathway

Background: Suicide behavior (SB) has been highly associated with the response to stress and the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. The aim of this study was to summarize the results obtained in genetic studies that analyzed the HPA axis—stress pathway and SB through a systematic review. Methods: We performed an online search in PubMed, EBSCO, Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycoInfo databases up to May 2021. We followed the PRISMA guidelines for systematic reviews. We included case-control and expression studies that provided data on mRNA expression and single-nucleotide polymorphisms of genes associated with SB. Results: A total of 21,926 individuals participated across 41 studies (not repeats); 34 studies provided data on single-nucleotide polymorphisms in 21,284 participants and 11 studies reported data on mRNA expression in 1034 participants. Ten genes were identified: FKBP5, CRH, CRHBP, CRHR1, CRHR2, NR3C1, NR3C2, SKA2, MC2R, and POMC. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that key stress pathway genes are significantly associated with SB and show potential as biomarkers for SB.

HPA axis responses to acute stress and adrenalectomy during adjuvant-induced arthritis in the rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. R179-R185 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. S. Harbuz ◽  
R. G. Rees ◽  
S. L. Lightman
Keyword(s):  
Hpa Axis ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Acute Stress ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Adjuvant Induced Arthritis ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Chronic Activation ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Proenkephalin A ◽  
Pathological Situation

Adjuvant-induced arthritis results in chronic activation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. In the Piebald-Viral-Glaxo (PVG) rat, however, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) mRNA in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pPVN) of the hypothalamus was reduced, and the normal corticosterone and CRF mRNA responses to acute stress were inhibited. The proenkephalin A mRNA response to stress in the pPVN was maintained, implying a specific inhibition of the CRF mRNA responses in this pathological situation. Adrenalectomy at day 0 (the time of adjuvant injection), day 13 (just before inflammation), or day 19 (submaximal inflammation) resulted in a marked increase in CRF mRNA compared with day 21 adrenal-intact arthritic animals. However, levels were below those of nonarthritic adrenalectomized rats, demonstrating that the inhibition of CRF mRNA associated with arthritis is not simply due to changes in glucocorticoid feedback. Proopiomelanocortin mRNA in the anterior pituitary was markedly increased in all adrenalectomized arthritic animals above the increase seen in sham-adrenalectomized day-21 arthritic rats. Adrenalectomy was always associated with an increase in the severity of the disease.

Possible role of dopamine and noradrenaline in the regulation of prolactin secretion from an ectopic anterior pituitary gland in female rats

1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Fernández-Ruiz ◽  
M. Cebeira ◽  
C. Agrasal ◽  
J. A. F. Tresguerres ◽  
A. Bartke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Noradrenaline Content ◽  
Pituitary Tissue ◽  
Dopamine Content ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT It was recently reported that anterior pituitary tissue transplanted to an ectopic site contains measurable amounts of dopamine and noradrenaline. To examine the possibility of local catecholaminergic control of prolactin secretion from ectopic pituitaries, pituitary grafted and sham-operated female rats were submitted to several pharmacological treatments modifying catecholamine synthesis. Administration of a single dose of α-methyl-p-tyrosine (α-MPT) significantly reduced dopamine content in the graft, while noradrenaline content was not modified. Similar changes in the contents of dopamine and noradrenaline after α-MPT administration were observed in the hypothalamus and in the in-situ pituitary in both grafted and sham-operated rats. Plasma concentrations of prolactin were increased in both grafted and sham-operated rats after administration of α-MPT. A single injection of l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA) increased dopamine content in the ectopic pituitary gland without altering the noradrenaline content, and produced similar effects in the hypothalamus and in-situ pituitary of grafted and control rats. Plasma prolactin concentrations were decreased by l-DOPA in both pituitary grafted and control rats. Administration of dl-treo-dihydroxyphenylserine (DOPS) increased noradrenaline content in the ectopic pituitary and reduced plasma prolactin concentrations in pituitary grafted rats. In contrast, injection of DOPS to control rats increased both hypothalamic noradrenaline content and plasma prolactin concentrations. These results suggest that dopamine and noradrenaline present in the ectopic pituitary tissue have a role in mediating prolactin release from pituitary transplants. J. Endocr. (1987) 113, 45–49

Pro-oestrous-specific role for polyamines in mediating the secretion of prolactin induced by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone in the rat

1993 ◽  
Vol 137 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. Wynne-Jones ◽  
A. M. Gurney
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Anterior Pituitary ◽  
Prolactin Secretion ◽  
Anterior Pituitary Gland ◽  
Oestrous Cycle ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Pituitary Cells ◽  
Plasma Prolactin ◽  
Thyrotrophin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Releasing Hormone

ABSTRACT The activity of ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) in the rat anterior pituitary gland varies during the oestrous cycle, with a rise in activity seen at pro-oestrus. This enzyme, which is rate-limiting for the synthesis of the polyamines, can be specifically and irreversibly blocked by α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO). A previous study showed that when this drug was administered to rats in vivo on the afternoon of pro-oestrus, it suppressed the normal surge in plasma prolactin levels that occurred later that day. The effect of DFMO was associated with reduced levels of putrescine in the anterior pituitary gland, suggesting that ODC activity in the lactotroph might be involved in the prolactin surge. We have examined the effects of DFMO on the secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary cells, isolated either from male rats or from females at different stages of the oestrous cycle. The drug was found to reduce prolactin secretion stimulated by thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH), but only in cells isolated from pro-oestrous animals and only for 2 days after cell isolation. Basal secretion was unaffected by DFMO. The results imply that ODC is important for TRH-stimulated prolactin secretion at pro-oestrus, and it is specific for pro-oestrus. The prolactin surge could therefore be influenced by this ODC-dependent effect of TRH. The pro-oestrous-specific response to TRH may be a consequence of the increased ODC activity seen at this time. Alternatively, the increased ODC activity could be a consequence of coupling to TRH receptors, which are known to increase in number at pro-oestrus. Journal of Endocrinology (1993) 137, 133–139

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