scholarly journals Factors affecting growth traits of beef cattle breeds raised inSlovakia

2011 ◽  
Vol 50 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 14-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Krupa ◽  
M. Oravcová ◽  
P. Polák ◽  
J. Huba ◽  
Z. Krupová
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sex Effect ◽  
Beef Cattle Breeds

Growth traits of purebred calves of six beef breeds (Aberdeen Angus – AA, Blonde d’Aquitaine – BA, Charolais – CH,Hereford – HE, Limousine – LI and Beef Simmental – BS) born from 1998 to 2002 were analysed. Traits under study were birth weight (BW), weight at 120 days (W120), weight at 210 days – weaning weight (WW), weight at 365 days – yearling weight (YW) and average daily gains from birth to 120 days (ADG1), from birth to 210 days (ADG2), from birth to 365 days (ADG3), from 120 to 210 days (ADG4). General linear model with class effects of breed, dam’s age at calving, sex, herd-year-season (HYS) and covariation of age at weighing was used for analyses. All effects significantly affected both weight and gain traits except for dam’s age that was significant for BW, W120, YW and ADG3, and age at weighing that was significant for W120, WW, YW, ADG2, ADG3, ADG4. Estimated least squares means of growth traits were compared using Scheffe’s multiple-range tests. Highest BW (40.57 kg) and W120 (172.43 kg) were found for BA calves. BS calves had highest WW (260.30 kg), YW (424.07 kg), ADG1 (1 154 g), ADG2 (1 053 g), ADG3 (1 054 g) and ADG4 (1 098 g). Highest BW, YW, ADG3 and ADG4 were found for males-singles. Males-twins had highest W120, WW, ADG1 and ADG2. Calves descending from 5–7 years old dams had highest BW, W120, WW, ADG1, ADG2 and ADG4. The proportion of variability of growth traits explained by HYS effect (42.96–71.69%) was high, whereas proportions of variability explained by SEX effect (2.03–5.77%), age of dam (1.02–2.24%) and breed (1.05–2.21%) were low. Residuals accounted for 23.71 up to 53.79% of total variance.  

Factors affecting weaning weight of beef cattle in a tropical environment

1974 ◽  
Vol 14 (68) ◽  
pp. 277 ◽  
Author(s):  
GW Seifert ◽  
TH Rudder ◽  
JW Lapworth
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
Tropical Environment ◽  
High Grade ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Commercial Property

Age corrected weaning weights from a commercial property in central Queensland were analysed by the least-squares method. The breeder herd composition varied from low to high grade Brahman cross cows, and Belmont Red, Brahman, Droughtmaster, Hereford and Santa Gertrudis bulls were used in a rotational crossbreeding programme. Age of dam had the largest effect on weaning weight. Cows 11 years and older, produced calves 36 kg heavier than 2-year-old cows. Breed of sire effects were highly significant (P < 0.005), with the Belmont Red sired calves being heavier than Brahman, Hereford, Santa Gertrudis and Droughtmaster sired calves. Day of birth had a significant effect on weaning weight representing an extra 0.14 � 0.04 kg per day of age. Over the whole group, heifer calves were 4.2 per cent lighter than steers, but this varied according to the breed of sire ranging from 9.6 to -0.5 per cent.

SEX OF CALF AND AGE OF DAM ADJUSTMENTS FOR SOME PERFORMANCE TRAITS IN TWO POPULATIONS OF BEEF CATTLE

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. SHARMA ◽  
L. WILLMS ◽  
R. T. HARDIN ◽  
R. T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Adjustment Factors ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Two Populations ◽  
Age And Sex ◽  
Methods Of Application

Sex of calf and age of dam effects on birth weight, preweaning ADG, 180-day weaning weight; and age of dam effects on yearling weight, postweaning ADG in males, and 18-mo weight in females were studied in a Hereford and a beef Synthetic population. The effects of breed, sex of calf, age of dam and year were significant on preweaning traits. The superior milking ability of Synthetic cows over Herefords was more pronounced for male than female calves. Additive and multiplicative adjustment factors were calculated from the least squares analyses. Additive adjustments for age of dam and multiplicative adjustments for sex of calf were found most suitable for preweaning traits. Three methods of application of adjustment factors were studied. Multiplicative sex of calf adjustment followed by additive age of dam adjustment was found to be most effective as indicated by the reductions in mean squares for main effects and interactions. Additive and multiplicative age of dam factors are presented for yearling weight in males and 18-mo weight in females. Use of additive factors is recommended. Extending weaning weight age of dam adjustments for postweaning traits was not found suitable in this study. Key words: Beef cattle, age and sex, adjustment factors

Factors affecting birth weight and performance to weaning of Bunaji calves

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-410 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. O. Oni ◽  
V. Buvanendran ◽  
N. I. Dim
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Genetic Differences ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Breeding Values ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Sources Of Variation ◽  
And Performance

Birth weight and pre-weaning performance are recognized as important components in determing economic returns from beef cattle. The accuracy of ranking animals based on their breeding values, and hence the effectiveness of selection, will be increased when allowance is made for non-genetic sources of variation. Furthermore, the proper evaluation of identifiable sources of variation in calf weaning weight aids in more accurate appraisal of genetic differences in mothering ability among beef cows.

Evaluation of beef cattle genotypes and estimation of direct and maternal genetic effects in a tropical environment. 1. Growth traits

2003 ◽  
Vol 54 (10) ◽  
pp. 1013 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Prayaga
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Genetic Effects ◽  
Additive Effects ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Final Weight

Data from a crossbreeding experiment conducted during 1992–97 involving 31 genotypes from tropically adapted British (B), Sanga-derived (S), Zebu cross (Zx), Zebu (Z), and Continental (C) beef cattle breed groups were analysed to compare least-squares means, direct and maternal genetic effects, and heterosis estimates for birthweight, weaning weight, yearling weight, final weight (18 months), and pre- and post-weaning average daily gain (ADG). The genotypes were regrouped as Bos taurus (B, S, C)- and Bos indicus (Z, Zx)-derived groups to enable the comparison of direct (dD) and maternal (mD) dominance effects among indicine (II), taurine–indicine (TI), and taurine (TT) crosses. Genotype, contemporary group (year of birth, season of birth, and age of the dam), sex, and genotype × sex interactions were significant (P < 0.01) sources of variation for all the traits. Treatment to control parasites significantly (P < 0.01) affected post-weaning growth traits. In general, crossbred calves performed better than purebred calves. Z dam breeds resulted in lower birthweight, and Z sire breeds and S dam breeds resulted in heavier birthweights. For traits after birth, ZC and ZC crosses with S and Z showed heavier weights and higher gains. Prior to weaning, males weighed significantly more and gained weight at a faster rate than females in most of the crossbreds. Weight gain was relatively low between weaning and yearling age.Direct and maternal additive effects were estimated as a deviation from the British breed group mean for various traits. Direct additive effects of C, Z, and S were high and significantly different from the British mean for all the growth traits. Maternal additive effects of C were low and not significantly different from the British mean. Large negative maternal additive effects of Z and Zx caused lower birthweights of calves from Z and Zx dams. A decrease of maternal additive effect from weaning to final weight and pre-weaning to post-weaning ADG was noticed. The magnitude of dD effects was higher in TI crosses than in II crosses for all the traits except for birthweight, indicating the advantage of Bos taurus × Bos indicus crosses. In TT crosses, dD was only significant for weaning weight (P�<�0.01) and pre-weaning ADG (P < 0.05). Significant (P < 0.01) and positive mD effects observed in TI crosses indicated a better maternal environment provided by crossbred dams. High correlation coefficient estimates (0.92–0.99) between least-squares means and predicted means, observed for a set of F1 genotypes, indicated the prediction of performance of untested genotypes with reasonable accuracy. The per cent heterosis estimates were higher in Zebu × British breed crosses.

PSXI-7 Genomic analysis of heterosis in a composite beef cattle breed

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 244-244
Author(s):  
El Hamidi Hay ◽  
Andrew Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Association Study ◽  
Genome Wide Association Study ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
Snp Markers ◽  
Genome Wide Association ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
A Genome

Abstract Crossbreeding is widely used in the beef cattle industry to exploit benefits of heterosis. This study evaluated the effects of heterozygosity on growth traits in an Angus x Hereford cross population. Moreover, a genome wide association study was conducted to detect regions in the genome with significant dominance effects on growth traits contributing to heterosis. A total of 1,530 animals, comprised of pure Line 1 Hereford, Angus and Angus x Line 1 Hereford crosses, were evaluated. Phenotypes included birth weight, weaning weight and yearling weight. All animals were genotyped with GeneSeek GGP LD 50k. Effects of genomic heterozygosity on growth traits were estimated. These effects were -0.76 kg (P &lt; 0.001), 4.67 kg (P &lt; 0.0001), 42.39 kg (P &lt; 0.02) on birth weight, weaning weight and yearling weight respectively. A genome wide association study revealed several SNP markers with significant heterotic effects associated with birth weight, weaning weight and yearling weight. These SNP markers were located on chromosomes 1, 2, 14, 19, 13 and 12. Genes in these regions were reported to be involved in growth and other important physiological mechanisms. Our study revealed several regions associated with dominance effects and contributing to heterosis. These results could be beneficial in optimizing crossbreeding.

scholarly journals Preweaning Performances of Ndama Cattle

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-123
Author(s):  
S. A. Adeyanju ◽  
O. Akinokun ◽  
O. O. Ariyibi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Performance Characteristics ◽  
Daily Weight Gain ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Livestock Farm ◽  
Daily Rate

Data on birth weight, preweaning daily rate of gain and weaning weight of Ndama beef cattle were obtained from routine records kept on the Fashola Livestock Farm between 1959 and 1964 and subjected to least-squares analysis to determine the effects of sex, month, year and sire on the performance characteristics. The results indicated that the Ndama weighed 16.95 kg at birth and 97.61 kg at weaning when adjusted to 205 days with a preweaning daily weigh gain of 0.38 kg. The bulls were significantly heavier at birth and weaning and also had a significantly higher preweaning daily weight gain than the heifers. Birth weight, preweaning daily rate of gain, and weaning weight showed significant sex, month, year and sire effects

Gestation length, birth weight and growth rates of pure-bred indigenous goats and their crosses in Kenya

1988 ◽  
Vol 111 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Ruvuna ◽  
T. C. Cartwright ◽  
H. Blackburn ◽  
M. Okeyo ◽  
S. Chema
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Birth Weight ◽  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Least Squares ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Gestation Length ◽  
East African ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cross Breeding ◽  
Indigenous Goats

SummaryData on gestation period of 701 indigenous East African and Galla does and pre- and postweaning growth of 810 pure-bred and cross-bred kids were analysed by least squares statistical analysis. Breeds of kids were East African, Galla, Toggenburg × East African, Toggenburg × Galla, Anglo-Nubian × East African and Anglo-Nubian × Galla. Average gestation length was 149 days and was significantly (P < 0·05) affected by type of birth of the kid, year–month of kidding, and age of dam. Does carrying twins had shorter gestation length than does carrying singles. Sex and breed of kid did not have significant effect on gestation length.Significant (P < 0·05) factors affecting birth weight, weight at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 210 and 270 days of age, and preweaning growth rate were breed and sex of kid, type of birth, year–month and age of dam. Male kids grew faster and were heavier than females. Kids born single were heavier and grew faster than twin-born kids. Kids from dams less than 3 years old weighed less than kids from older dams. Cross-bred kids had higher preweaning growth rates than indigenous pure-bred kids. The Anglo-Nubian × Galla cross was heaviest while the East African ranked lowest. The results point to importance of cross-breeding with temperate breeds to increase growth rates of indigenous goats. Comparison of Toggenburg and Anglo-Nubian sires for cross-breeding showed both buck breeds produced kids with roughly equal growth rates. Evaluation of indigenous Galla and East African dams for cross-breeding showed Galla dams produced heavier kids than East African but preweaning growth rates were not significantly different.

scholarly journals Least Squares Estimations for the General Linear Model Parameters with Epsilon Skew Normal Error Term

2020 ◽  
pp. 636-645
Author(s):  
Hussain Karim Nashoor ◽  
Ebtisam Karim Abdulah
Keyword(s):  
Least Squares ◽  
Linear Model ◽  
Least Squares Method ◽  
General Linear Model ◽  
Ordinary Least Squares ◽  
Skewed Distribution ◽  
General Linear ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Skew Normal

Examination of skewness makes academics more aware of the importance of accurate statistical analysis. Undoubtedly, most phenomena contain a certain percentage of skewness which resulted to the appearance of what is -called "asymmetry" and, consequently, the importance of the skew normal family . The epsilon skew normal distribution ESN (μ, σ, ε) is one of the probability distributions which provide a more flexible model because the skewness parameter provides the possibility to fluctuate from normal to skewed distribution. Theoretically, the estimation of linear regression model parameters, with an average error value that is not zero, is considered a major challenge due to having difficulties, as no explicit formula to calculate these estimates can be obtained. Practically, values for these estimates can be obtained only by referring to numerical methods. This research paper is dedicated to estimate parameters of the Epsilon Skew Normal General Linear Model (ESNGLM) using an adaptive least squares method, as along with the employment of the ordinary least squares method for estimating parameters of the General Linear Model (GLM). In addition, the coefficient of determination was used as a criterion to compare the models’ preference. These methods were applied to real data represented by dollar exchange rates. The Matlab software was applied in this work and the results showed that the ESNGLM represents a satisfactory model. 

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