scholarly journals The effect of different rates and forms of applied sulphur on nutrient composition of planted crops

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 179-189 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Skwierawska ◽  
L. Zawartka ◽  
B. Zawadzki
Keyword(s):  
Beneficial Effect ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nutrient Composition ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Total N ◽  
Juvenile Phase ◽  
Fertilization Rates ◽  
North East ◽  
Vegetative Season

A three-year field experiment was conducted from 2000 to 2002 in North-East Poland. Each year three sulphur fertilization rates in the form of sulphate (S- SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>) and pure sulphur (S-S<sup>0</sup>) were applied: 40, 80 and 120 kg/ha. The most beneficial effect on the yields of cabbage, onion and barley was produced by the rates of 40 and 80 kg S/ha, while the dose of 120 kg S/ha (especially when applied as S-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>) reduced the yields of these crops. Increasing rates of sulphur used as a fertilizer caused increased concentration of sulphates in plants up to their luxury accumulation. Irrespective of the test crop species or form of sulphur applied, once the crops terminated their vegetative season, the plants fertilized with sulphur typically contained more total N than those fertilized only with NPK. The S-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup> fertilization tended to raise the accumulation of N-NO<sub>3</sub><sup>–</sup> in the crops, especially during the juvenile phase. The application of 120 kg S-SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2–</sup>) /kg caused depressed amounts of potassium in cabbage, onion and in barley during the heading phase.

EFFECT OF LIQUID CATTLE MANURE ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND CORN GROWTH IN NORTHERN GREECE

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 435-450 ◽  
Author(s):  
TH. MATSI ◽  
A. S. LITHOURGIDIS ◽  
N. BARBAYIANNIS
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Northern Greece ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Manure Treatment ◽  
The Common ◽  
Macro And Micronutrients

SUMMARYThe impact of liquid cattle (Bos taurusL.) manure, applied to soil at common rates and for several years, on certain plant parameters and soil properties has not been studied extensively. The objectives of this study were: a) to assess the effects of manure application on corn (Zea maysL.) yield, macro- and micronutrient concentrations and uptake, in a three-year (2006–2008) field experiment conducted in northern Greece and b) to evaluate the 11-year effect of manure application on soil fertility (particularly on micronutrients avialability) and chemical properties (especially on organic C and total N content). The field experiment of this study had been used in a similar fertilisation experiment since 1996. The treatments, which were applied on the same plots each year over the 11-year period, were: (i) soil incorporation of liquid dairy cattle manure before sowing, at a rate equal to the common N-P inorganic fertilisation for each crop (based on manure's total N and P content); (ii) application of the common inorganic N-P fertilisation for each crop before sowing; (iii) identical to ii, but with split application of the N fertilisers; (iv) no fertilisation (control). Corn dry aboveground biomass yield at the R3 growth stage and grain yield, N, P, K concentrations and macro- and micronutrients uptake increased (p≤ 0.05) upon manure addition at levels similar to or higher than the inorganic fertilisation treatments. The relative increase in grain yield during the three-year period ranged between 63–75% for manure treatment and 50–75% for both inorganic fertilisation treatments. After 11 years of manure application, organic C, total N, and available NO3-N, P, K, Cu, Zn, Mn, and B increased (p≤ 0.05) in the surface soil (0–30 cm). However, no trend of nutrient build up was evident through years (except for Zn). Surprisingly, salinity and available NO3-N in the 60–90 cm soil depth of the manure-treated plots were lower (p≤ 0.05) than that of the inorganic fertilisation treatments and similar to control. Electrical conductivity was 1.76, 3.05, 2.96 and 1.36 dS m−1, for manure treatment, the two inorganic fertilisation treatments and control, respectively, whereas the respective NO3-N concentrations were 7.7, 44.6, 55.1 and 8.3 mg kg−1. Conclusively, repeated application of liquid cattle manure into the soil, at rates comparable to the common inorganic fertilisation for 11 years, can enhance crop yield and macronutrient concentrations in plant tissues and uptake, at levels similar to the inorganic fertilisation. In addition, it can increase micronutrients plant uptake and maintain soil fertility with respect to both macro- and micronutrients and increase soil organic C and total N, without either causing nutrient build up or increasing soil salinity and NO3−accumulation in the deeper soil layers.

scholarly journals GROWTH AND YIELD RESPONSES OF TRIPLOID WATERMELONS TO FERTILIZER SOURCE AND RATE, MULCH, AND ROW COVER

HortScience ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 27 (11) ◽  
pp. 1177e-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. Earhart ◽  
M. L. Baker ◽  
F. J. Dainello
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Vegetative Growth ◽  
Poultry Litter ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Plastic Mulch ◽  
Commercial Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Rate ◽  
Total N ◽  
Row Covers ◽  
Yield Responses

In a field experiment, fertilizer source (poultry litter vs. commercial), plastic mulch, row cover, and fertilizer rate (residual from 1990 study vs. additional) were applied in factorial combinations to determine the effect on vegetative growth and production of triploid watermelons. Litter (3.12 % total N) was re-applied at the rate of 13.2 Mt·ha-1 along with commercial fertilizer (6N-10.5P-20K) at 1.1 Mt·ha-1. Plastic mulch showed the greatest influence on vegetative growth and production variables by increasing vine length 26.1 cm, leaf area 61.8 cm2, yield 4207 kg·ha-1, melon number 741 ·ha-1, and average melon weight 0.8 kg, over unmulched plots. Plastic mulch with or without row cover increased melon number significantly when compared to plots without mulch or row covers. Poultry litter increased vine length, yield, and average melon weight 15.4 cm, 1971 kg·ha-1, and 0.5 kg, respectively, when compared to commercial fertilizer. Poultry litter in combination with row cover increased yield by 3864 kg ·ha-1 over commercial fertilizer with row cover, and approximately 2567 kg·ha-1 over poultry litter and commercial fertilizer without row cover. Additional fertilizer increased average melon weight 1.3 kg.

scholarly journals Organic wastes from bioenergy and ecological sanitation as soil fertility improver: a field experiment in a tropical Andosol

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1221-1261 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Krause ◽  
T. Nehls ◽  
E. George ◽  
M. Kaupenjohann
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Soil Amendments ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Biogas Slurry ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
P Deficiency ◽  
Ecological Sanitation

Abstract. Andosols require the regular application of phosphorus (P) to sustain crop productivity. In a practice oriented field experiment at an Andosol site in NW Tanzania, the effects of various soil amendments (standard compost, urine, biogas slurry and CaSa-compost [biochar and sanitized human excreta]) on (i) the productivity of locally grown crop species, on (ii) the plants' nutrient status and on (iii) the soil's physico-chemical properties were studied. None of the amendments had any significant effect on soil moisture, so the observed variation in crop yield and plant nutrition reflected differences in nutrient availability. The application of CaSa-compost increased the level of available P in the top-soil from 0.5 to 4.4 mg kg−1 and the soil pH from 5.3 to 5.9. Treatment with biogas slurry, standard compost and CaSa-compost increased the above-ground biomass of Zea mays by, respectively, 140, 154 and 211 %. The grain yields of maize on soil treated with biogas slurry, standard compost and CaSa-compost were, respectively, 2.63, 3.18 and 4.40 t ha−1, compared to only 1.10 t ha−1 on unamended plots. All treatments enhanced crop productivity and increased the uptake of nutrients into the maize grains. The CaSa-compost was especially effective in mitigating P deficiency and soil acidification. We conclude that all treatments are viable as substitute for synthetic fertilizers. However, further steps are required to integrate the tested soil amendments into farm-scale nutrient management and to balance the additions and removals of nutrients, so that the loop can be closed.

scholarly journals The changes of soil nitrogen and carbon contents in a long-term field experiment under different systems of nitrogen fertilization

2008 ◽  
Vol 54 (No. 11) ◽  
pp. 463-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Nedvěd ◽  
J. Balík ◽  
J. Černý ◽  
M. Kulhánek ◽  
M. Balíková
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
C And N ◽  
N Compounds ◽  
Term Field

Content of N and C in soil were investigated in a long-term field experiment under different systems of N fertilization. Chernozem and Cambisol were extracted using hot water (N<sub>hws</sub>, C<sub>hws</sub>) and 0.01M CaCl<sub>2</sub> (N<sub>CaCl2</sub>, C<sub>DOC</sub>). The C<sub>t</sub>/N<sub>t</sub> ratio in Chernozem was 9.6:1 and in Cambisol 6.1:1. The lowest C<sub>t</sub>/N<sub>t</sub> ratio in both experiments was found in the control treatment. Results showed that C and N compounds are less stable in Cambisol, which leads to a higher rate of mineralization. In the Chernozem, N<sub>hws</sub> formed 3.66% from the total N content in the soil whereas N<sub>CaCl2</sub> formed only 0.82%. C<sub>hws</sub> formed 2.98% and C<sub>DOC</sub> 0.34% from total C content. Cambisol contains 4.81% of N<sub>hws</sub> and 0.84% of N<sub>CaCl2</sub> from the total N amount and 5.76% of C<sub>hws</sub> and 0.70% of C<sub>DOC</sub> from the total C content, respectively. Nitrogen extracted by 0.01M CaCl2 formed only 22.4% of N extractable by hot water in Chernozem and 17.5% in Cambisol. The lowest C/N ratios were obtained after the CaCl<sub>2</sub> extraction (3.0–6.2:1). The application of manure increased the content of soil organic N and C compared to the sewage sludge treatments.

Discordant Patterns of Introgression Suggest Historical Gene Flow into Thai Weedy Rice from Domesticated and Wild Relatives

2019 ◽  
Vol 110 (5) ◽  
pp. 601-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marshall J Wedger ◽  
Tonapha Pusadee ◽  
Anupong Wongtamee ◽  
Kenneth M Olsen
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Ssr Markers ◽  
Wild Rice ◽  
Allelic Variation ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Weedy Rice ◽  
Cultivated Rice ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
North East

Abstract Weedy relatives of crop species infest agricultural fields worldwide, reducing harvests and threatening global food security. These weeds can potentially evolve and adapt through gene flow from both domesticated crop varieties and reproductively compatible wild relatives. We studied populations of weedy rice in Thailand to investigate the role of introgression from cultivated and wild rice in their evolution. We examined 2 complementary sources of genetic data: allelic variation at 3 rice domestication genes (Bh4, controlling hull color; Rc, controlling pericarp color and seed dormancy; and sh4, controlling seed shattering), and 12 previously published SSR markers. Sampling spanned 3 major rice growing regions in Thailand (Lower North, North East, and Central Plain) and included 124 cultivated rice accessions, 166 weedy rice accessions, and 98 wild rice accessions. Weedy rice strains were overall closely related to the cultivated varieties with which they co-occur. Domestication gene data revealed potential adaptive introgression of sh4 shattering alleles from wild rice. Introgression of potentially maladaptive rc crop alleles (conferring reduced dormancy) was also detected, with the frequency of the crop allele highest in northern populations. Although SSR markers also indicated introgression into weed populations from wild and cultivated rice, there was little overlap with domestication genes in the accessions showing admixed ancestry. This suggests that much of the introgression we detected at domestication genes most likely reflects past introgression rather than recent gene flow. This finding has implications for understanding long-term gene flow dynamics between rice and its weedy and wild relatives, including potential risks of transgene escape.

scholarly journals “Smoke on the beach”: on the use of economic vs behavioral policies to reduce environmental pollution by cigarette littering

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gionata Castaldi ◽  
Grazia Cecere ◽  
Mariangela Zoli
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
The Third ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Public Areas ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Proper Disposal

AbstractCigarette filters, the most commonly littered item worldwide, are one of the main sources of marine pollution. However, reducing cigarette littering is a serious challenge for policy makers and environmental authorities: traditional instruments like bans and fines are generally ineffective. In this article, we evaluate the impact of two interventions aimed at reducing smokers’ littering in public areas, like beaches. We run a field experiment at eight beach resorts in the north east coast of Italy. Resorts were randomly assigned to three groups: in the first, we introduced portable ashtrays to test whether smokers respond to the lower effort costs (time plus inconvenience) by disposing of litter properly. In the second set, we added a social cue. The third group of resorts was used as a control with no intervention. Results suggest that reducing the private costs of a proper disposal through mobile ashtrays significantly affects littering, leading to a reduction of 10–12% in the number of cigarette filters dropped in the sand compared to beaches with no ashtrays. Reinforcing this measure with social prompts does not significantly increase the impact driven by the introduction of mobile ashtrays.

Introducing mungbean as a preceding crop to enhance nitrogen uptake and yield of rainfed rice in the north-east of Thailand

2007 ◽  
Vol 58 (11) ◽  
pp. 1059 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Suriyakup ◽  
A. Polthanee ◽  
K. Pannangpetch ◽  
R. Katawatin ◽  
J. C. Mouret ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Yield ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Rainfed Rice ◽  
The Difference

One possible management option for farmers to improve the soil nitrogen (N) supply for rice production is the cultivation of a prior legume. The objective of this study was to investigate the value of such an option in the lowland of the north-east of Thailand. Two experiments were established in 2 typical locations in a split-plot design with 4 replicates. The main plots included 3 nitrogen levels (0, 30, and 60 kg N/ha) and the subplots, 4 pre-rice managements: (i) fallow with weeds removed (FW–); (ii) with weeds incorporated before the rice crop (FW+); (iii) mungbean incorporated at flowering as green manure (MGM); or (iv) incorporated after grains harvest (MR+). In both experiments the difference in rice yield between MGM and MR+ was not significant. In Expt 1, in contrast to Expt 2, the rice yield increase due to MR+ was significant and significantly higher than that due to application of 60 kg N/ha. Moreover, significantly higher apparent recovery of N (ANRm, kg N uptake increase/kg N supplied by residues), probably due to the continuous flooding of the soil surface, was achieved in this experiment. The low values of internal efficiency of N (IEN, kg total grains/kg total N uptake), ANRf (Δ kg N uptake/kg N supplied by fertiliser), and of ANUEf (Δ kg grains/kg applied N fertiliser) recorded in the MR+ treatment of Expt 1, suggest that no application of N fertiliser is needed where the soil water conditions allow high recovery of the N supplied by a preceding mungbean crop.

The effect of interval between harvests and nitrogen application on the concentration of nitrate-nitrogen in the total herbage, green leaf and ‘stem’ of grasses

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Wilman ◽  
P. T. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Nitrate Nitrogen ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Green Leaf ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N ◽  
Nitrate N ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Time Of Year

SummaryThe effect of six intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the concentration of nitrate-N and total N in total herbage, green leaf and ‘stem’ was studied in two varieties of perennial ryegrass during 30-week periods in each of the first two harvest years of a field experiment. The effect of two intervals between harvests on the concentration of nitrate-N in Italian ryegrass total herbage was studied in the same experiment. The effect of two intervals between harvests and three levels of N application on the concentrations of nitrate-N and total N in total herbage was studied in five grasses during a 32-week period in a second field experiment.Increasing the interval between harvests tended to increase the concentration of nitrate-N in herbage; however, this seemed due mainly to the average date of harvest being later in the year with the longer intervals. The concentration of nitrate-N in herbage increased from June to September. Italian and hybrid ryegrass and tall fescue were much higher than perennial ryegrass in nitrate-N concentration at the highest level of applied N (525 kgN/ha per year). Apart from the species and time of year effects, the nitrate-N concentration seemed to be determined mainly by the amount of N applied divided by the number of days between the date of application and the date of sampling. The ‘stem’ of perennial ryegrasa tended to be slightly higher in nitrate-N concentration than green leaf. The proportion of nitrate-N in total N was increased by increasing the interval between harvests and by applying N and was nearly twice as high in ‘stem’ as in green leaf. Both the nitrate-N and the total N concentration of herbage, particularly the latter, seemed to be inversely related to solar radiation receipt.

scholarly journals Influence of sowing and harvesting time on productivity and sowing qualities of spring oat sapsan seeds

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 230-237
Author(s):  
O. M. Snigireva ◽  
Yu. E. Vedernikov,
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiment ◽  
Optimal Harvesting ◽  
Structure Parameters ◽  
Physiological Maturity ◽  
Harvesting Time ◽  
Germination Energy ◽  
North East ◽  
Yield Structure ◽  
Weak Negative Correlation ◽  
Increase In Productivity

In 2015-2017 under conditions of Kirov region studies with spring covered oat Sapsan bred in FARC North-East were conducted. The scheme of the first field experiment included four variants by sowing terms –the earliest one (at physiological maturity of soil), and three following variants with 5-day intervals. The scheme of the second field experiment included four variants in harvesting terms – the early one (when grains in the upper half of the panicle are fully matured in 70% of plants), and three following variants with 5-day intervals. On the average during the years of studies the highest productivity was obtained at the second term of sowing – 3.03 t/ha. Indicators of germination energy and germination of seeds harvested in 2015-2017 were decreasing from the first sowing term to the last one. The highest percent of germination and germination energy was in seeds harvested in 2017 – 98.6 and 96.5% respectively; the lowest in 2016 – 92.8 and 90.8%. In 2015-2017 the most significant increase in productivity was noted in the second variant of the harvesting term. From 10 to 15 days delay with harvesting lead to the decrease of yield structure parameters. The best indicators of structure elements were in plants of the second term of harvesting. The study revealed a tendency to decrease in test weight and 1000-grain mass at delay with harvesting for 10 and 15 days as compared with the first term; the most significant decrease – in grain at the second harvesting term (488 g/l and 39.4 g respectively). The research defined a weak negative correlation between the protein content in grain and the amount of precipitations in interphase period "heading – wax ripening" (r = -0.28). On the average during the years of studies, the second sowing term was the most optimal (sowing 5 days after the earliest term). The optimal harvesting term is the second one, when 100% of plants reach the full grain maturity.

scholarly journals Shifting attention to accuracy can reduce misinformation online

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gordon Pennycook ◽  
Ziv Epstein ◽  
Mohsen Mosleh ◽  
Antonio Alonso Arechar ◽  
Dean Eckles ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Political Agenda ◽  
Survey Experiment ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Social ◽  
Survey Experiments ◽  
Social Media Platforms ◽  
Computational Analyses

Why do people share false and misleading news content on social media, and what can be done about it? In a first survey experiment (N=1,015), we demonstrate a disconnect between accuracy judgments and sharing intentions: Even though true headlines are rated as much more accurate than false headlines, headline veracity has little impact on sharing. Although this may seem to indicate that people share inaccurate content because, for example, they care more about furthering their political agenda than they care about truth, we propose an alternative attentional account: Most people do not want to spread misinformation, but the social media context focuses their attention on factors other than truth and accuracy. Indeed, when directly asked, most participants say it is important to only share news that is accurate. Accordingly, across four survey experiments (total N=3,485) and a digital field experiment on Twitter in which we messaged users who had previously shared news from websites known for publishing misleading content (N=5,379), we find that subtly inducing people to think about accuracy increases the quality of the news they subsequently share. These results, together with additional computational analyses, challenge the narrative that people no longer care about accuracy. Instead, the findings support our inattention-based account wherein people fail to implement their preference for accuracy due to attentional constraints – particularly on social media. Furthermore, our research provides evidence for scalable anti-misinformation interventions that are easily implementable by social media platforms.

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