scholarly journals Fermentation pattern of the rumen and hindgut inocula of sheep grazing in an area polluted from the non-ferrous metal industry

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 66-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Váradyová ◽  
K. Mihaliková ◽  
S. Kišidayová ◽  
P. Javorský
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Metal Industry ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
Sheep Grazing ◽  
Metal Levels ◽  
Ferrous Metal Industry

In vitro study of the rumen fluid (RF) and hindgut content (HC) fermentation by microbiota taken from sheep grazing in an area atmospherically polluted from the non-ferrous metal industry was conducted and compared with controls from an uncontaminated area (UA). The experimental sheep were exposed to the prolonged intake of heavy metals by grazing in the contaminated area (CA) for one year. Soil and grass from that area and the rumen content of sheep were analyzed for heavy metal levels. Based on the levels of mercury (4.752 mg/kg), copper (232.9 mg/kg), cadmium (1.167 mg/kg), lead (92.509 mg/kg) and arsenic (74.59 mg/kg) the soil was categorized as profusely contaminated. Meadow hay (MH) from UA was used as a tested substrate of fermentation activity; it was incubated with buffered RF and HC inocula from CA and UA for 24 h. The gas volume in CA was significantly decreased by 50 and 36% in RF and HC, respectively. The methane production in CA was significantly decreased by 77 and 71% in RF and HC, respectively. The significantly decreased values of the fermentation parameters in CA in comparison with UA were accompanied by the reduced (P < 0.01) total concentration of rumen ciliate protozoa.  

The effects of technical change on carbon intensity in China’s non-ferrous metal industry

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 ◽  
pp. 102226
Author(s):  
Mei-Rui Zhong ◽  
Shun-Li Xiao ◽  
Han Zou ◽  
Yi-Jun Zhang ◽  
Yi Song
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Ferrous Metal ◽  
Metal Industry ◽  
Carbon Intensity ◽  
Ferrous Metal Industry

scholarly journals Digestion of timothy silage and hay in reindeer

Rangifer ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 35
Author(s):  
R. Moen ◽  
M. A. Olsen ◽  
Ø. E. Haga ◽  
W. Sørmo ◽  
T. H. Aagnes Utsi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Rangifer Tarandus ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Total Concentration ◽  
Phleum Pratense ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Soluble Carbohydrates ◽  
Energy Deficiency

Leafy timothy (Phleum pratense) silage (S), silage mixed with molasses (SM) and hay (H) were fed to nine male reindeer (Rangifer tarandus tarandus) calves in winter to investigate rumen function and digestion. Three calves were given S with 18.5% dry matter (DM), three were given SM (21.9% DM) and three were given H (85.0% DM). The content of water soluble carbohydrates (in % of DM) was 8.2% in S, 16.0% in SM and 8.5% in H. Median (range) daily DM food intake per kg BM was 12.9 (9-2-14.4) g in calves fed S, 19.0 (19-0-21.9) g in calves fed SM and 21.0 (19.2¬21.1) g in calves fed H. In vivo digestion of S and SM DM ranged from 78.5-83.1% compared to only 69-9-72.9% in calves fed H. In vitro DM digestion (IVDMD) of cellulose (median) incubated for 48 hours in rumen fluid was, however, significantly (F = 0.05) lower in calves fed S (24.4%) compared to calves fed SM (42.2%). Median IVDMD of cellulose (48 hours) in calves fed H was 36.4%. Total concentration of VFA (range) in the rumen fluid from reindeer fed H (99.7-113.6 mM) and was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to animals fed S (57.7-85.9 mM) or SM (51.4-72.0 mM). Likewise, the pH of the rumen fluid (range) was significantly (P<0.05) lower in reindeer fed H (6.40-6.78) compared to animals fed S (6.97-7.30) or SM (6.79-7.27). Based on this study it is concluded that leafy timothy preserved as hay seems to be more suitable as emergency feed compared to silage. Supplementation of molasses to silage seems to stimulate food intake and ruminal cellulose digestion in reindeer. The lower intake of S compared to SM or H by reindeer may be explained by ruminal energy deficiency.

scholarly journals 190 Reduce Reuse ReRumen: Preservation method of rumen fluid collected from slaughtered cattle affects in vitro digestibility

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 66-67
Author(s):  
Taylor J Garcia ◽  
Jeffrey A Brady ◽  
Kimberly A Guay ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
William B Smith
Keyword(s):  
Batch Culture ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Rumen Content ◽  
In Vitro Digestibility ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Preservation Methods ◽  
Preservation Method ◽  
Pass Through

Abstract Microbes and chemical constituents in the rumen fluid play an important role when re-establishing the rumen microbial population. Identification of a viable preservation method could have lasting implication of veterinary and research applications. Our objective was to determine the efficacy of preservation methods on rumen liquor. Twelve paunch samples were collected from slaughtered cattle at the Tarleton State University Meat Laboratory, Stephenville, TX. Rumen content was collected from different locations within the rumen, strained through eight layers of cheesecloth, and divided into five 500-mL aliquots. Aliquots were randomly allocated to one of five preservation methods (freezing or lyophilisation) and preservative (glycerol; yes or no). A fresh control was maintained from each sample. Three reference feeds and two roughage sources were used in the batch culture procedure. Reference feeds were dried to a constant weight at 55°C and ground to pass through a 2-mm screen. Ground samples were subjected to batch culture in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) assays using each of the four ruminal fluids (plus the control) for digestibility estimates. Original samples and incubated residues were assayed for DM, CP, NDF, and ADF. Data were analyzed in a 2 × 2 + 1 augmented factorial design using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in IVTD when using protein or energy feeds; however, there were differences in IVTD for all treatments for fiber concentrates and forage reference feeds. Despite lower degradation of feeds when frozen or lyophilized rumen fluid was used, preserved rumen fluid may be a viable option in the absence of fresh inoculum for veterinary and research applications

scholarly journals Metals and Metalloids Release from Orthodontic Elastomeric and Stainless Steel Ligatures: In Vitro Risk Assessment of Human Exposure

2019 ◽  
Vol 196 (2) ◽  
pp. 646-653 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aneta Olszewska ◽  
Anetta Hanć ◽  
Danuta Barałkiewicz ◽  
Piotr Rzymski
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steel ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Human Exposure ◽  
Orthodontic Treatment ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Human Saliva ◽  
Metal Exposure ◽  
Monthly Basis ◽  
Metal Levels

Abstract Elastomeric ligatures are increasingly used as a part of esthetic orthodontic treatment, particularly in children. The aim of the present study was to experimentally test whether these appliances may contribute to exposure to toxic elements. In the present study, elastomeric ligatures (ELs) were incubated in artificial human saliva for 1 month (a typical period of their use) and the release of 21 metals (Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Mg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Tl, Ti, Sb, Sr, Sn, Zn, U, V) and 2 metalloids (As and Ge) was studied using inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. For comparison, stainless steel ligatures (SLs) were incubated for 1, 3, and 6 months (since sometimes their use is prolonged) under similar conditions. The determined metal levels were compared to the corresponding safety limits for human exposure. During 1 month, the ELs released Cd, Co, Cr, Mn, Ni, and Sn at total mean ± SD level of 0.31 ± 0.09, 0.98 ± 0.30, 3.96 ± 1.31, 14.7 ± 8.5, 13.8 ± 4.8, and 49.5 ± 27.7 μg, respectively. Other elements were always below the detection limits. In case of SL, the release of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, and Sn was observed, and the determined values increased over the studied period. After 6 months, their total mean ± SD levels amounted to 28.6 ± 0.2, 21.7 ± 0.2, 623.5 ± 3.0, 1152.7 ± 1.8, 5.5 ± 0.3, and 22.6 ± 0.2 μg, respectively. The released metal levels from both ligature types were always below safety limits. The release of Ni from SL during 6 months would constitute 5.0 and 11.5% of tolerable intake in adults and children, respectively. The results of this in vitro study highlight that the use of ligatures in orthodontic treatment can be considered safe in terms of metal exposure although elastic ligatures replaced on a monthly basis appear to be advantageous in comparison to the prolonged use of stainless steel appliances.

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