scholarly journals Evaluation of deposition fluxes in two mountain Norway spruce stands with different densities using the extended Canopy Budget Model

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 72-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Drápelová
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Base Cations ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Mountain Forest ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Canopy Exchange ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Canopy Budget Model

The field study in a mountain forest at B&iacute;l&yacute; Kř&iacute;ž provides a comparison of element fluxes for two adjacent forest spruce stands of the same age (29 years in 2005) but with different stem densities. During five years (2001&ndash;2005), bulk and throughfall precipitation was sampled and analysed. Total deposition, dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes were evaluated on the basis of the Canopy Budget Model. Highly significant differences in base cations, dissolved organic carbon, SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2&minus;</sup>, F<sup>&minus;</sup>, and Cl<sup>&minus;</sup> throughfall concentrations were found between the sparser and denser spruce stands.&nbsp; Throughfall, dry deposition and canopy exchange fluxes were also influenced by stand density. Annual throughfall fluxes of inorganic nitrogen were within 11.9&ndash;17.8 kg N&middot;ha<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&middot;yr<sup>&ndash;1</sup> on the sparser plot and within 15.4&ndash;20.6 kg N&middot;ha<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&middot;yr<sup>&ndash;1</sup> on the denser plot; annual throughfall fluxes of sulphur were within 15.3&ndash;20.3 kg S&middot;ha<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&middot;yr<sup>&ndash;1</sup> on the sparser plot and within 20.7&ndash;27.7 kg S&middot;ha<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&middot;yr<sup>&ndash;1</sup>on the denser plot. The critical load for nitrogen (11.2 kg N&middot;ha<sup>&ndash;1</sup>&middot;yr<sup>&ndash;1</sup>) was exceeded on both plots in all evaluated years 2002&ndash;2005.&nbsp; Total annual inorganic nitrogen deposition was higher by up to 37.5% (in 2002) on the denser plot than on the sparser one.

Calculating Dry Deposition and Canopy Exchange with the Canopy Budget Model: Review of Assumptions and Application to Two Deciduous Forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 191 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 149-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeroen Staelens ◽  
Daniel Houle ◽  
An De Schrijver ◽  
Johan Neirynck ◽  
Kris Verheyen
Keyword(s):  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Deciduous Forests ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Canopy Exchange ◽  
Model Review ◽  
Canopy Budget Model

scholarly journals Bulk deposition of base cations in a subalpine natural forest landscape estimated by canopy budget model: A focus on the forest edge canopy

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyi Tan ◽  
Dong Qing ◽  
Xiangyin Ni ◽  
kai Yue ◽  
Shu Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Base Cations ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Forest Edge ◽  
Natural Forest ◽  
Subalpine Forest ◽  
Budget Model ◽  
Canopy Exchange ◽  
Closed Canopy ◽  
Canopy Budget Model ◽  
Throughfall Deposition

Calculations of base cation inputs of loads in forest edge canopies are rare, although forest edge canopies play a paradoxical role in the effective capture of atmospheric deposition. Throughfall deposition and canopy exchange of base cations were studied with a continuous throughfall investigation under a natural forest edge and a closed canopy in a subalpine forest over a period of 2 years. Compared with precipitation, the concentration of base cations in the throughfall of both canopies was enriched as expected, but the enrichment level in the forest edge was less than that in the closed canopy. Moreover, the throughfall deposition of base cation fluxes in the closed canopy (35.19 kg ha-1 y-1) was slightly higher than that in the forest edge canopy (33.50 kg ha-1 y-1). Seasonally, the base cation input in the rainy season was 2.32–2.70 times higher than that in the snowy season in throughfall in forest edge canopy and the closed canopy. Furthermore, the canopy budget model suggested that the direction and magnitude of canopy exchange and dry deposition controlled the net throughfall fluxes (NTF) of base cations, and obvious differences could be observed between the canopy and seasonal scales. Compared with other elements, K and Mg leached from the main canopy exchange process, while Ca was absorbed by both canopy types in the annual NTF. These results highlight the spatial variability of base cation chemical characteristics, enhance cognitive the deposition of nutrients and regulatory factors in different forest landscapes, preferably guide the formulation forest ecological management strategies.

scholarly journals Dry and wet deposition of inorganic nitrogen compounds to a tropical pasture site (Rondônia, Brazil)

2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Trebs ◽  
L. L. Lara ◽  
L. M. M. Zeri ◽  
L. V. Gatti ◽  
P. Artaxo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Wet Deposition ◽  
Particle Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Dry And Wet Deposition ◽  
Surface Atmosphere ◽  
Nh3 Emission

Abstract. The input of nitrogen (N) to ecosystems has increased dramatically over the past decades. While total (wet + dry) N deposition has been extensively determined in temperate regions, only very few data sets of N wet deposition exist for tropical ecosystems, and moreover, reliable experimental information about N dry deposition in tropical environments is lacking. In this study we estimate dry and wet deposition of inorganic N for a remote pasture site in the Amazon Basin based on in-situ measurements. The measurements covered the late dry (biomass burning) season, a transition period and the onset of the wet season (clean conditions) (12 September to 14 November 2002) and were a part of the LBA-SMOCC (Large-Scale Biosphere-Atmosphere Experiment in Amazonia – Smoke, Aerosols, Clouds, Rainfall, and Climate) 2002 campaign. Ammonia (NH3), nitric acid (HNO3), nitrous acid (HONO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), nitric oxide (NO), ozone (O3), aerosol ammonium (NH4+) and aerosol nitrate (NO3-) were measured in real-time, accompanied by simultaneous meteorological measurements. Dry deposition fluxes of NO2 and HNO3 are inferred using the ''big leaf multiple resistance approach'' and particle deposition fluxes are derived using an established empirical parameterization. Bi-directional surface-atmosphere exchange fluxes of NH3 and HONO are estimated by applying a ''canopy compensation point model''. N dry and wet deposition is dominated by NH3 and NH4+, which is largely the consequence of biomass burning during the dry season. The grass surface appeared to have a strong potential for daytime NH3 emission, owing to high canopy compensation points, which are related to high surface temperatures and to direct NH3 emissions from cattle excreta. NO2 also significantly accounted for N dry deposition, whereas HNO3, HONO and N-containing aerosol species were only minor contributors. Ignoring NH3 emission from the vegetation surface, the annual net N deposition rate is estimated to be about −11 kgN ha-1 yr-1. If on the other hand, surface-atmosphere exchange of NH3 is considered to be bi-directional, the annual net N budget at the pasture site is estimated to range from −2.15 to −4.25 kgN ha-1 yr-1.

scholarly journals Soluble trace metals in aerosols over the tropical south east Pacific offshore of Peru

2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 17219-17243 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Baker ◽  
M. Thomas ◽  
H. W. Bange ◽  
E. Plasencia Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Northern Chile ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
The South ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
The North ◽  
East Pacific

Abstract. Bulk aerosol samples collected during cruise M91 of FS Meteor off the coast of Peru in December 2012 were analysed for their soluble trace metal (Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, Th) and major ion (including NO3− and NH4+) content. These data are among the first recorded for trace metals in this relatively poorly studied region of the global marine atmosphere. To the north of ∼ 13° S, the concentrations of several elements (Fe, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Pb) appear to be related to distance from the coast. At the south of the transect (∼ 15–16° S), elevated concentrations of Fe, Cu, Co and Ni were observed. These may be related to the activities of the large smelting facilities in the south of Peru or northern Chile. Calculated dry deposition fluxes (3370–17 800 and 16–107 nmol m−2 d−1 for inorganic nitrogen and soluble Fe respectively) indicated that atmospheric input to the waters of the Peru upwelling system contains an excess of Fe over N, with respect to phytoplankton requirements. This may be significant as primary production in these waters has been reported to be limited by Fe availability, but atmospheric deposition is unlikely to be the dominant source of Fe to the system.

scholarly journals Soluble trace metals in aerosols over the tropical south-east Pacific offshore of Peru

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 817-825 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. R. Baker ◽  
M. Thomas ◽  
H. W. Bange ◽  
E. Plasencia Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Trace Metals ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Marine Atmosphere ◽  
The South ◽  
Atmospheric Input ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
The North ◽  
East Pacific ◽  
Order Of Magnitude

Abstract. Bulk aerosol samples collected during cruise M91 of FS Meteor off the coast of Peru in December 2012 were analysed for their soluble trace metal (Fe, Al, Mn, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Cu, Co, Cd, Pb, Th) and major ion (including NO3− and NH4+) content. These data are among the first recorded for trace metals in this relatively poorly studied region of the global marine atmosphere. To the north of  ∼  13° S, the concentrations of several elements (Fe, Ti, Zn, V, Ni, Pb) appear to be related to distance from the coast. At the south of the transect ( ∼  15–16° S), elevated concentrations of Fe, Cu, Co, and Ni were observed, and we calculated dry deposition fluxes of soluble Cu approximately an order of magnitude higher than a recent model-based estimate of total Cu deposition to the region. The model did not take account of emissions from the large smelting facilities in the south of Peru and northern Chile, and our results may indicate that these facilities constitute an important source of trace metals to the region. Calculated dry deposition fluxes (3370–17800 and 16–107 nmol m−2 d−1 for inorganic nitrogen and soluble Fe respectively) indicated that atmospheric input to the waters of the Peru upwelling system contains an excess of Fe over N, with respect to phytoplankton requirements. This may be significant as primary production in these waters has been reported to be limited by Fe availability, but atmospheric deposition is unlikely to be the dominant source of Fe to the system.

scholarly journals Spatial-temporal patterns of inorganic nitrogen air concentrations and deposition in eastern China

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Xu ◽  
Lei Liu ◽  
Miaomiao Cheng ◽  
Yuanhong Zhao ◽  
Lin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Seasonal Variation ◽  
Dry Deposition ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
N Deposition ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Significant Seasonal Variation ◽  
Land Use Types

Abstract. Five-year (2011–2015) measurements of gaseous NH3, NO2 and HNO3 and particulate NH4+ and NO3− in air and/or precipitation were conducted at twenty-seven sites in a Nationwide Nitrogen Deposition Monitoring Network (NNDMN) to better understand spatial and temporal (seasonal and annual) characteristics of reactive nitrogen (Nr) concentrations and deposition in eastern China. Our observations reveal annual average concentrations (16.4–32.6 μg N m−3), dry deposition fluxes (15.8–31.7 kg N ha−1 yr−1) and wet/bulk deposition fluxes (18.4–28.0 kg N ha−1 yr−1) based on land use were ranked as urban > rural > background sites. Annual concentrations and dry deposition fluxes of each Nr species in air were comparable at urban and background sites in northern and southern regions, but were significantly higher at northern rural sites. These results, together with good agreement between spatial distributions of NH3 and NO2 concentrations determined from ground measurements and satellite observations, demonstrate that atmospheric Nr pollution is heavier in the northern region than in the southern region. No significant inter-annual trends were found in the annual Nr dry and wet/bulk N deposition at almost all of the selected sites. A lack of significant changes in annual averages between the 2013–2015 and 2011–2012 periods for all land use types, suggests that any effects of current emission controls are not yet apparent in Nr pollution and deposition in the region. Ambient concentrations of total Nr exhibited a non-significant seasonal variation at all land use types, although significant seasonal variations were found for individual Nr species (e.g., NH3, NO2 and pNO3−) in most cases. In contrast, dry deposition of total Nr exhibited a consistent and significant seasonal variation at all land use types, with the highest fluxes in summer and the lowest in winter. Based on sensitivity tests by the GEOS-Chem model, we found that NH3 emissions from fertilizer use (including chemical and organic fertilizers) were the largest contributor (36 %) to total inorganic Nr deposition over eastern China. Our results not only improve the understanding of spatial-temporal variations of Nr concentrations and deposition in this pollution hotspot, but also provide useful information for policy-makers that mitigation of NH3 emissions should be a priority to tackle serious N deposition in eastern China.

scholarly journals Comparison of deposition fluxes on the open area and in mountain spruce stands of different density

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 395-402
Author(s):  
I. Marková ◽  
I. Drápelová ◽  
S. Truparová
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Chemical Transformation ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Bulk Deposition ◽  
Open Area ◽  
Forest Stands ◽  
Deposition Fluxes ◽  
Spruce Stands ◽  
Throughfall Deposition

To better understand the chemical transformation of rainfall after the passage through the canopies it is necessary to study throughfall deposition fluxes within forest stands. The comparison of bulk deposition fluxes of Ca, Mg, K, S-SO<sub>4</sub>, N-NO<sub>3</sub> and N-NH<sub>4</sub> in mountain spruce stands of different stand density and bulk deposition fluxes on the open area was made at the study site Bílý Kříž (Moravian-Silesian Beskids Mts., Czech Republic) during the period of 1999–2006. A linear relationship between the amount of rainfall on the open area and the amount of throughfall in the spruce stand was found. Throughfall deposition fluxes of selected elements in the dense as well as in the sparse spruce stands were higher when compared with bulk deposition fluxes on the open area. There were mostly statistical significant differences between the bulk deposition fluxes on the open area and those in the studied spruce stands. The throughfall deposition fluxes of Ca, Mg, K and S-SO<sub>4</sub> were influenced by the spruce stand density.

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