scholarly journals Influence of growing Bt maize on Fusarium infection and mycotoxins content – a review

2012 ◽  
Vol 48 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. S18-S24 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nedělník ◽  
H. Lindušková ◽  
M. Kmoch
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Insect Damage ◽  
Fusarium Spp ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Mycotoxigenic Fungi ◽  
Maize Kernels

The literature linking Bt maize versus non-Bt maize and the changes in the fungal microflora spectrum and in the mycotoxins content have been summarised. The European corn borer reportedly promotes the infection of maize by Fusarium spp. Stalk and ear rots caused by Fusarium spp. are often related to mycotoxin accumulation in maize kernels. As a result, food and animal feed from maize are more severely contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins: e.g. fumonisins (FUM), deoxynivalenol (DON), and zearalenone (ZEA). Mycotoxins in field maize lead annually economic losses of hundreds of millions of dollars in all regions of the world. The insecticidal proteins in genetically modified hybrid Bt maize reduce insect damage caused by certain Lepidopteran larvae, which in turn can reduce the infection of the grain by the mycotoxigenic fungi. Where such insect damage is a major factor in mycotoxin contamination, Bt maize can lower mycotoxin levels in many cases. The protection of maize plants against insect damage (European corn borer) through the use of Bt technology seems to be one of the ways to reduce the contamination of maize by Fusarium species and mycotoxins.

scholarly journals The impact of Bacillus thuringiensis technology on the occurrence of fumonisins and other mycotoxins in maize

2016 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Díaz-Gómez ◽  
S. Marín ◽  
T. Capell ◽  
V. Sanchis ◽  
A.J. Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Fungal Infection ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Cry1ab Protein ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Maize Hybrids ◽  
The Impact

In many developing countries, maize is both a staple food crop and a widely-used animal feed. However, adventitious colonisation or damage caused by insect pests allows fungi to penetrate the vegetative parts of the plant and the kernels, the latter resulting in mycotoxin contamination. Maize seeds contaminated with fumonisins and other mycotoxins pose a serious threat to both humans and livestock. However, numerous studies have reported a significant reduction in pest damage, disease symptoms and fumonisin levels in maize hybrids expressing the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) gene cry1Ab, particularly in areas where the European corn borer is prevalent. When other pests are also present, the cry1Ab gene alone offers insufficient protection, and combinations of insecticidal genes are required to reduce damage to plants caused by insects. The combination of Cry1Ab protein with other Cry proteins (such as Cry1F) or Vip proteins has reduced the incidence of pests and, indirectly, mycotoxin levels. Maize hybrids expressing multiple Bt genes, such as SmartStax®, are less susceptible to damage by insects, but mycotoxin levels are not routinely and consistently compared in these crops. Bt maize has a greater economic impact on Fusarium toxins than aflatoxins. The main factors that determine the effectiveness of Bt hybrids are the type of pest and the environmental conditions, but the different fungal infection pathways must also be considered. An alternative strategy to reduce mycotoxin levels in crops is the development of transgenic plants expressing genes that protect against fungal infection or reduce mycotoxin levels by in situ detoxification. In this review article, we summarise what is known about the relationship between the cultivation of Bt maize hybrids and contamination levels with different types of mycotoxins.

scholarly journals Fungal biodiversity on maize kernels in an insecticide evaluation trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Sonja Tancic-Zivanov ◽  
Mirjana Lalosevic ◽  
Radivoje Jevtic ◽  
Filip Franeta ◽  
Zeljko Milovac ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Fusarium Ear Rot ◽  
Ear Rot ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Lambda Cyhalothrin ◽  
Evaluation Trial ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Penicillium Spp

The European corn borer (ECB) Ostrinia nubilalis and Fusarium ear rot Fusarium spp. pose a continuous threat to maize production worldwide. There are several reports indicating that ECB damage to maize ears promotes Fusarium ear rot infection. The aim of this study was to monitor the influence of different insecticide treatments (a.i. chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, and chlorantraniliprole+lambda-cyhalothrin) on the ECB and fungal diversity on maize kernels in the field in a four-year trial (2013-2016). A total of 16 different fungal genera were isolated from maize kernels, and Fusarium species were confirmed to be the dominant pathogens, present in all treatments, throughout the four years of experiments. The incidence of Aspergillus spp. and Penicillium spp. was established to be low. Apart from Fusarium species, the most frequent genera were: Aspergillus spp., Mortierella spp., Mucor spp., Penicillium spp., Acremonium spp. and Rhizopus spp. Treatments with chlorantraniliprole and chlorantraniliprole+lambda-cyhalothrin showed higher efficacy, though not statistically significant, compared to indoxacarb, in reducing the number of ECB larvae and damage they cause. However, no direct effect on the number of isolated fungal genera has been observed in any of the three insecticide treatments.

scholarly journals Role of Sesamia nonagrioides and Ostrinia nubilalis as Vectors of Fusarium spp. and Contribution of Corn Borer-Resistant Bt Maize to Mycotoxin Reduction

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 780
Author(s):  
María Arias-Martín ◽  
Miriam Haidukowski ◽  
Gema P. Farinós ◽  
Belén Patiño
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Fusarium Species ◽  
Animal Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Sesamia Nonagrioides ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Insecticidal Toxin ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Borers ◽  
First Time

Maize expressing Cry1Ab insecticidal toxin (Bt maize) is an effective method to control Sesamia nonagrioides and Ostrinia nubilalis, the most damaging corn borers of southern Europe. In this area, maize is prone to Fusarium infections, which can produce mycotoxins that pose a serious risk to human and animal health, causing significant economic losses in the agrifood industry. To investigate the influence of corn borer damage on the presence of Fusarium species and their mycotoxins, Bt maize ears and insect-damaged ears of non-Bt maize were collected from commercial fields in three Bt maize growing areas in Spain, and differences in contamination were assessed. Additionally, larvae of both borer species were collected to evaluate their role as vectors of these molds. Non-Bt maize ears showed significantly higher presence of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans than Bt maize ears. For the first time, Fusarium species have been isolated from larvae of the two species. The most frequently found mycotoxins in ears were fumonisins, with non-Bt ears being significantly more contaminated than those of Bt maize. High levels of fumonisins were shown to correlate with the occurrence of corn borers in the ear and the presence of F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum.

Frequency of alleles conferring resistance to Bt maize in French and US corn belt populations of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis

2002 ◽  
Vol 106 (7) ◽  
pp. 1225-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bourguet ◽  
J. Chaufaux ◽  
M. Séguin ◽  
C. Buisson ◽  
J. L. Hinton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Corn Belt ◽  
Bt Maize ◽  
Corn Borer

scholarly journals Injury to Strawberry Crowns Caused by European Corn Borer Larvae

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (5) ◽  
pp. 866-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Maas ◽  
John M. Enns ◽  
Stan C. Hokanson ◽  
Richard L. Hellmich
Keyword(s):  
Ostrinia Nubilalis ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
European Corn Borer ◽  
Weed Suppression ◽  
Setaria Italica ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Corn Borer ◽  
Published Report ◽  
The Future ◽  
Nursery Plant

Larvae of several insects injure and kill strawberry (Fragaria ×ananassa Duchesne) plants by burrowing into and hollowing out plant crowns. Occasionally, these infestations are serious enough to cause heavy economic losses to fruit producers and nursery plant growers. In 1997 in Beltsville, Md., we observed wilting and dying mature plants and unrooted runner plants in two experimental strawberry plantings. Injury by larvae was extensive; large cavities occurred in crowns, and the central pith tissues were removed from stolons and leaf petioles. Often, insect frass was seen at entrance holes. Larvae removed from hollowed-out parts of injured plants were identified as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner) in their fifth instar stage. Their presence in this instance also was associated with a cover crop of millet [Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv., `German Strain R'] planted between the strawberry rows for weed suppression. This is the first published report of the European corn borer attacking strawberry. Although this insect may occur only sporadically in strawberry plantings, it may become important in the future. Growers and other professionals should become aware of this new strawberry pest and recognize that its management in strawberry will be different from management of other crown-boring insects.

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