scholarly journals Anti-erosion effectiveness of selected crops and the relation to leaf area index (LAI)

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Klima ◽  
B. Wiśniowska-Kielian
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Protective Efficiency ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Fodder Beet ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Soil Losses

This paper presents results of an experiment carried out in 2000&ndash;2003 in the mountain region (southern Poland, 545 m a.s.l.) to determine the effect of over-ground parts growth of fodder beet, winter triticale and horse bean on the intensity of soil losses. The research was conducted on the hillside with a 16% slope with the simulated rainfall (105 mm; 1.75 mm/min) applied at seven developmental stages of the plants. It was stated that soil protective efficiency of the fodder beet, horse bean and winter triticale started at about 60, 30 and 15% of covering the soil surface, respectively. The influence of over-ground parts of the plants (x) on the soil erosion (y) can describe the following regression equations: for fodder beet: y = &ndash;9.37x + 29.4 (R<sup>2</sup> =&nbsp;0.677; n = 82); for horse bean: y = &ndash;8.44x + 26.41 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.698; n = 96); for winter triticale: y = &ndash;4.98x + 15.61 (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.66; n&nbsp;= 112). The obtained results made possible verification of the nomograms determining the value of the C&nbsp;indicator (cropping factor, i.e. index of soil coverage and cultivation calculated as a ratio of soil mass eroded from the field covered with specific crop to mass of soil eroded from black fallow with a 9% slope angle) present in USLE equation (Universal Soil Losses Equation, method commonly recommended by FAO for studies on erosion) for tested plants under similar conditions.

Utilization of satellite data on meteorological and land surface characteristics in the model of water and heat exchange for vast agricultural region territories 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Muzylev ◽  
Zoya Startseva ◽  
Elena Volkova ◽  
Eugene Vasilenko
Keyword(s):  
Satellite Data ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Rainfall Intensity ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Microwave Range ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Agricultural Regions

&lt;p&gt;The method is developed to calculate soil water content W, evapotranspiration Ev and other water and heat regime (WHR) characteristics of agricultural regions for vegetation season (VS). The base of the method is the physical-mathematical model of vertical water and heat transfer in the &amp;#8220;Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere&amp;#8221; system (SVAT), suitable for utilizing satellite-retrieved estimates of vegetation and meteorological characteristics such as vegetation index NDVI, emissivity E, vegetation cover fraction B, leaf area index LAI, precipitation, and land surface temperature LST. These estimates were built under thematic processing satellite data obtained by radiometers AVHRR/NOAA, SEVIRI/Meteosat-10, -11, -8; MSU-MR/Meteor-M No 2 in visible and IR ranges. Soil and vegetation characteristics were the model parameters and meteorological characteristics were considered to be the input variables.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The case study was carried out for forest-steppe territory of 227,300 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; located in the Central Black Earth Region of European Russia, for steppe black earth Rostov region of 100,000 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;, and for arid steppe territory of the Saratov and Volgograd Trans-Volga region of 66,600 km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; for VS of 2017-2018.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Estimates of daily, ten-day and monthly precipitation sums were carried out using the Multi Threshold Method for detecting cloudiness, identifying its types, allocating precipitation zones and determining rainfall intensity maximum. The key point of the method is the transition from assessing the rainfall intensity to estimating its daily sums.Comparing calculated daily, ten-day and monthly rainfall sums with each other for all sensors and with similar ground-based data showed the coincidence of the satellite-detected and actual precipitation zones in 75-85% of cases for each radiometer.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Satellite LST estimates were retrieved by the Generalized Split-Window method using the regression equations for the satellite-measured radiation temperature. Comparison of these estimates with each other for all radiometers, with the model calculation results and with ground-measured air temperature values for named VS showed their differences to be within acceptable limits.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Because of the different climatic conditions in the study areas, the empirical formulae to calculate B and LAI were analyzed and their detailed estimates were made, the errors of which were about 15 and 20%, respectively.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The possibility to use soil surface moisture estimates obtained from the scatterometer ASCAT/MetOp data in the microwave range for modeling is shown (to select initial conditions when calculating W and to assess evaporation from soil surface).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To calculate W, Ev and other WHR components the developed procedures to assimilate satellite-retrieved B, LAI, precipitation and LST estimates in the model were adapted to the territories under study. These procedures included replacing ground-based estimates of these values by their satellite-retrieved estimates in all computational grid nodes at each time step. The efficiency of these procedures was confirmed by comparing modeled and measured values of W and Ev. The final modeling results are distributions of W, Ev and other WHR components over the areas of interest. Estimation errors for W (10-15%) and Ev (20-25%) (even for the arid Trans-Volga region) are acceptable values.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As a conclusion, the developed method can be used to assess water resource components for vast agricultural regions.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Estimation of Soil Surface Roughness Using Stereo Vision Approach

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (13) ◽  
pp. 4386
Author(s):  
Afshin Azizi ◽  
Yousef Abbaspour-Gilandeh ◽  
Tarahom Mesri-Gundoshmian ◽  
Aitazaz A. Farooque ◽  
Hassan Afzaal
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Stereo Vision ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Depth Map ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Height Profile ◽  
Peak Fitting ◽  
Soil Surface Roughness ◽  
Tillage Operations

Soil roughness is one of the most challenging issues in the agricultural domain and plays a crucial role in soil quality. The objective of this research was to develop a computerized method based on stereo vision technique to estimate the roughness formed on the agricultural soils. Additionally, soil till quality was investigated by analyzing the height of plow layers. An image dataset was provided in the real conditions of the field. For determining the soil surface roughness, the elevation of clods obtained from tillage operations was computed using a depth map. This map was obtained by extracting and matching corresponding keypoints as super pixels of images. Regression equations and coefficients of determination between the measured and estimated values indicate that the proposed method has a strong potential for the estimation of soil shallow roughness as an important physical parameter in tillage operations. In addition, peak fitting of tilled layers was applied to the height profile to evaluate the till quality. The results of this suggest that the peak fitting is an effective method of judging tillage quality in the fields.

Adaptation of winter cereal species to shade and competition in a winter/spring cereal forage mixture

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 251-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. S. Baron ◽  
E. A. de St Remy ◽  
D. F. Salmon ◽  
A. C. Dick
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Dark Respiration ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
Carbon Exchange ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Winter Cereal ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Winter Cereals ◽  
Cereal Species ◽  
Shoot Weight

Spring planted mixtures of spring and winter cereals maximize dry matter yield and provide fall pasture by regrowth of the winter cereal. However, delay of initial harvest may reduce the winter cereal component and therefore subsequent regrowth yield. Research was conducted at Lacombe, Alberta to investigate the effect of time of initial cut (stage), winter cereal species (species) and cropping system (monocrop and mixture) on winter cereal shoot weight, leaf carbon exchange efficiency and shoot morphology. These parameters may be related to adaptation of winter cereals to growth and survival in the mixture. Winter cereal plants were grown in pails embedded in monocrop plots of fall rye (Secale cereale L.), winter triticale (X Triticosecale Wittmack) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and in binary mixtures with Leduc barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The plants were removed when the barley reached the boot (B), heads emerged (H), H + 2, H + 4 and H + 6 wk stages. Shoot weight was generally smaller in the mixture than in the monocrop and wheat was reduced more than fall rye and triticale in the mixture compared to the monocrop. Dark respiration rate (r = −0.54) and carbon exchange (r = 0.36) under low light intensity were correlated (P < 0.05) to shoot size in the mixture. Fall rye and winter triticale had lower dark respiration rates than winter wheat. Leaf area index (LAI) was closely correlated (r = 0.83 and 0.84) with shoot weight in both the mixture and monocrop. While species failed to exhibit clear cut differences for LAI, fall rye and winter triticale were reduced less than winter wheat in the mixture relative to the monocrop. Stage was the dominant factor affecting winter cereal growth in both cropping systems, but fall rye and triticale exhibited superior morphological features, and their carbon exchange responses to light were more efficient than wheat, which should allow them to be sustained longer under the shaded conditions of a mixture. Key words: Delayed harvest, shade, spring and winter cereal mixtures, adaptation, carbon exchange, respiration

scholarly journals Potential Applications of GNSS-R Observations over Agricultural Areas: Results from the GLORI Airborne Campaign

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 1245 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrez Zribi ◽  
Erwan Motte ◽  
Nicolas Baghdadi ◽  
Frédéric Baup ◽  
Sylvia Dayau ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Signal To Noise Ratio ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Global Navigation Satellite ◽  
Vegetation Characteristic ◽  
Agricultural Areas

The aim of this study is to analyze the sensitivity of airborne Global Navigation Satellite System Reflectometry (GNSS-R) on soil surface and vegetation cover characteristics in agricultural areas. Airborne polarimetric GNSS-R data were acquired in the context of the GLORI’2015 campaign over two study sites in Southwest France in June and July of 2015. Ground measurements of soil surface parameters (moisture content) and vegetation characteristics (leaf area index (LAI), and vegetation height) were recorded for different types of crops (corn, sunflower, wheat, soybean, vegetable) simultaneously with the airborne GNSS-R measurements. Three GNSS-R observables (apparent reflectivity, the reflected signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR), and the polarimetric ratio (PR)) were found to be well correlated with soil moisture and a major vegetation characteristic (LAI). A tau-omega model was used to explain the dependence of the GNSS-R reflectivity on both the soil moisture and vegetation parameters.

INFLUENCE OF CASSAVA (MANIHOT ESCULENTA) INTERCROP ON GROWTH AND FRUIT YIELDS OF PEPPER (CAPSICUM SPP.) IN SOUTH-WESTERN NIGERIA

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. O. OLASANTAN ◽  
A. W. SALAU ◽  
E. E. ONUH
Keyword(s):  
Manihot Esculenta ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Radiant Energy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Fruit Yield ◽  
Earthworm Casts ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Growth Environment ◽  
Premium Price ◽  
Capsicum Spp

In tropical Africa, pepper (Capsicum spp.) is grown as a rainfed crop, and its production is limited by the long, hot growing season. Field experiments were conducted in Nigeria to evaluate the effects of cassava (Manihot esculenta) on the growth and yields of three pepper cultivars and gross returns in 2001–2003. In Experiment 1, pepper (cv. Sombo) was planted between rows of cassava cvs Idileru (PI), Odongbo (PO) and TMS 30572 (PT). In Experiment 2, pepper cvs Sombo, Tatase and Atarodo, were mixed with TMS 30572 (MS, MT or MA). The growth environment for the intercropped pepper differed from sole crops of pepper. Radiant energy reaching the soil surface, maximum diurnal soil and canopy temperatures, and weed growth were lower with intercropping, with the lowest values being observed in the PI and PT intercrops. Similarly, soil moisture content and the number of earthworm casts were greater with intercropping, with the highest values also occurring in the PI and PT intercrops. In both experiments, fresh fruit yields of pepper depended on the duration of harvest, the number of fruits per plant and the weight of fruits. In Experiment 1, although the number of fruits and fruit yield of cv. Sombo were greater in the sole crop (SP) than the PO intercrop, the fruit yields in the PI and PT intercrops were similar to those of the SP plot. In Experiment 2, the number of fruits and yield of intercropped pepper cvs Tatase, Sombo and Atarodo were 25–28 % higher, on average, than in pure stands. Cassava tuber yield was not affected by intercropped pepper in either experiment. Total gross returns were greater than growing either pepper or cassava in monoculture. Increased total gross returns in the intercrops were obtained in the PI and PT treatments and in the MS and MA treatments without a significant reduction in pepper fruit yield. By promoting early fruit set and harvest, and bearing in mind the cumulative gross returns, mixing pepper and cassava enhanced the value of the vegetable, as early fresh pepper fruits command a premium price. It is concluded that pepper can be grown between cassava rows to provide a suitable environment for growth, but that this depends on the cassava cultivar. Using the less tall early cassava cultivar, with a relatively moderate leaf area index in a mixture with pepper is therefore recommended.

scholarly journals Development and production of sugarcane under different levels straw after four years of cultivation

2017 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 2957 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gisele Silva de Aquino ◽  
Cristiane De Conti Medina ◽  
Ana Carolina Benitez Cunha ◽  
Deise Akemi Omori Kussaba ◽  
Jaime Higino dos Santos Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Cover ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Total Removal ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Stalk Diameter ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Red Latosol ◽  
Different Levels

Environmental constraints, labour shortages and the search for greater efficiency have induced the mechanisation of sugarcane harvesting, providing a large amount of straw in the system, which provides benefits to the soil, the crop and the environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the removal of different amounts of straw from the soil surface on the development and productivity of sugarcane in eutrophic Red Latosol. The experiment was conducted in an area belonging to the Usina in Bandeirantes, PR, using a randomised block design with four replications. The effects of six treatments (0, 25%, 50%, 75%, 100% of straw and sugarcane) were evaluated after four years of cultivation on the LAI (leaf area index), tillering, diameter, length and fresh mass of the stalks, in five periods: 60, 120, 180, 240 and 370 days after harvest (DAC). The results were submitted to analysis of variance and the means compared by Tukey’s test. The straw on the soil surface provided benefits to the development and productivity of sugarcane. The management of sugarcane burning, total removal of the straw (0% of soil cover) or 75% of straw resulted in a lower IAF and stalk diameter and a 37% decrease in final yield under conditions of water deficiency. The maintenance of 50% of straw is sufficient to favour the development and to provide greater productivity of the sugarcane, as it is possible to use the 50% surplus of the field for the production of ethanol of second generation or electric energy, without damage to the productivity of the culture.

Interspecific and Intraspecific Interference of Broadleaf Signalgrass (Brachiaria platyphylla) in Rice (Oryza sativa)

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (5) ◽  
pp. 589-593 ◽  
Author(s):  
John T. McGregor ◽  
Roy J. Smith ◽  
Ronald E. Talbert
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Quadratic Equation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Rough Rice ◽  
Plant Densities ◽  
Brachiaria Platyphylla

Field experiments were conducted in 1984 and 1985 at Stuttgart, AR, to investigate the interspecific and intraspecific interference of broadleaf signalgrass densities of 0, 10, 50, 100, and 150 plants/m2with rice. In 1984, significant reductions in rice leaf area index (LAI) occurred 6 weeks after emergence with all broadleaf signalgrass densities. The first reduction in LAI occurred 8 weeks after emergence at the density of 150 plants/m2in 1985. Densities of 50 plants/m2or greater reduced rice dry weight 6 weeks after emergence in 1984, and the highest density of 150 plants/m2reduced rice dry weight 12 weeks after emergence in 1985. Height of rice was reduced by densities of 100 and 150 plants/m2. Linear regression equations indicated that each broadleaf signalgrass plant/m2reduced rough rice yield 18 kg/ha both years. Growth of broadleaf signalgrass was reduced by interspecific and intraspecific interference. The dry weight of broadleaf signalgrass increased at a decreasing rate at plant densities of 100 to 150/m2when grown alone in 1984 and 1985, when a quadratic equation best described the response. Regression equations indicated interspecific interference from rice reduced broadleaf signalgrass dry weight an average of 48 and 81% in 1984 and 1985, respectively. The height of broadleaf signalgrass was greater when grown with rice than when grown alone.

scholarly journals Decomposition analysis on soybean productivity increase under elevated CO2 using 3-D canopy model reveals synergestic effects of CO2 and light in photosynthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 601-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qingfeng Song ◽  
Venkatraman Srinivasan ◽  
Steve P Long ◽  
Xin-Guang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Elevated Co2 ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Decomposition Analysis ◽  
Crop Productivity ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Canopy Architecture ◽  
Area Index ◽  
Canopy Model

Abstract Background and Aims Understanding how climate change influences crop productivity helps in identifying new options to increase crop productivity. Soybean is the most important dicotyledonous seed crop in terms of planting area. Although the impacts of elevated atmospheric [CO2] on soybean physiology, growth and biomass accumulation have been studied extensively, the contribution of different factors to changes in season-long whole crop photosynthetic CO2 uptake [gross primary productivity (GPP)] under elevated [CO2] have not been fully quantified. Methods A 3-D canopy model combining canopy 3-D architecture, ray tracing and leaf photosynthesis was built to: (1) study the impacts of elevated [CO2] on soybean GPP across a whole growing season; (2) dissect the contribution of different factors to changes in GPP; and (3) determine the extent, if any, of synergism between [CO2] and light on changes in GPP. The model was parameterized from measurements of leaf physiology and canopy architectural parameters at the soybean Free Air CO2 Enrichment (SoyFACE) facility in Champaign, Illinois. Key Results Using this model, we showed that both a CO2 fertilization effect and changes in canopy architecture contributed to the large increase in GPP while acclimation in photosynthetic physiological parameters to elevated [CO2] and altered leaf temperature played only a minor role in the changes in GPP. Furthermore, at early developmental stages, elevated [CO2] increased leaf area index which led to increased canopy light absorption and canopy photosynthesis. At later developmental stages, on days with high ambient light levels, the proportion of leaves in a canopy limited by Rubisco carboxylation increased from 12.2 % to 35.6 %, which led to a greater enhancement of elevated [CO2] to GPP. Conclusions This study develops a new method to dissect the contribution of different factors to responses of crops under climate change. We showed that there is a synergestic effect of CO2 and light on crop growth under elevated CO2 conditions.

scholarly journals The effect of straw mulch and compost application on the soil losses in potatoes cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 446-452
Author(s):  
Martin Král ◽  
Petr Dvořák ◽  
Ivana Capouchova
Keyword(s):  
Soil Loss ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Soil Protection ◽  
Straw Mulch ◽  
Compost Application ◽  
High Doses ◽  
Wheat Straw Mulch ◽  
Short Time ◽  
Soil Losses

The study aimed to evaluate the effect of the straw mulch and compost application on the soil losses in potatoes cultivation. The three-year (2016–2018) exact field plot trials with the potato cv. Dicolora was carried out at the experimental station in Prague-Uhříněves. Wheat straw mulch in two doses 2.5 t/ha (SM1) and 4.5 t/ha (SM2) was applied on the soil surface; the compost in a dose of 20 t/ha (CM) was shuffled to the surface soil layer. Both straw mulch and compost application contributed to the significant reduction of the soil losses compared to control untreated (C). In the average of 2016–2018, the lowest soil loss 17.54 g/m<sup>2</sup> (amount of the soil sediment caught) was found for the variant with the straw mulch treatment (SM2); it means the decrease of soil losses by 71.9% compared to C. Variant SM1 (lower rate of straw mulch in dose 2.5 t/ha) showed the soil loss 18.6 g/m<sup>2</sup> (the decrease by 70.2% compared to C). The similar results for both variants indicate that for effective soil protection, it is not necessary to use the high doses of the straw mulch. Regarding the distribution of precipitation during the vegetation season, intensive precipitation during the short time, especially when they came after the longer period of drought led to higher soil losses compared to the precipitation distributed regularly.  

scholarly journals Application of Limit Equilibrium Analysis and Numerical Modeling in a Case of Slope Instability

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (21) ◽  
pp. 8870
Author(s):  
Fhatuwani Sengani ◽  
François Mulenga
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Numerical Simulations ◽  
Limit Equilibrium ◽  
Slope Angle ◽  
Road Construction ◽  
Soil Mass ◽  
Slope Instability ◽  
Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
Limit Equilibrium Analysis ◽  
The Common

The application of limit equilibrium analysis and numerical simulation in case of slope instability is described. The purpose of the study was to use both limit equilibrium methods (LEMs) and numerical simulations (finite element method (FEM)) to understanding the common factor imposing the selected slope into slope instabilities. Field observations, toppling analysis, rotational analysis, and numerical simulations were performed. The results of the study showed that the selected unstable slopes were associated with the sliding types of toppling; it was observed that the slopes were governed by tension cracks and layered soil mass and dominated with approximately two joints sets throughout. The simulated factor of safety (FoS) of the slopes composed of clay soil was denoted to be prone to slope instability while others were categorized as moderately stable. The simulated FoS of the slopes correlated very well with the visual observations; however, it is anticipated that properties of soil mass and other characteristics of the slopes contributed largely to the simulated FoS. The sensitivity of the model was further tested by looking into the effect of the slope angle on the stability of the slope. The results of the simulations showed that the steeper the slope, the more they become prone to instability. Lastly, Phase 2 numerical simulation (FEM) showed that volumetric strain, shear stress, shear strain, total displacement, and σ1 and σ3 components of the slope increase with the stages of the road construction. It was concluded improper road construction, steepness of the slope, slope properties (soil types), and multiple geological features cutting across are the common mechanisms behind the slope instability.

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