scholarly journals Expression of ESR1, PRLR, GHR, and IGF1R in mammary glands of Hu sheep with four teats

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 49-58
Author(s):  
L. Zhang ◽  
F. Peng ◽  
F. Yu ◽  
L. Wan ◽  
Z.-Q. Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mammary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Hu Sheep

Supernumerary teats are commonly found in sheep. To investigate the expression levels of hormone receptors in supernumerary teats of Hu sheep, mammary tissue samples were collected from two groups of Hu sheep, four- and two-teat sheep, during adolescent (A), pregnancy (P), lactation (L), and non-pregnancy (N). Using hematoxylin and eosin staining, we found that mammary alveoli were denser in the four-teat sheep than in the two-teat sheep during P and L. Immunohistochemistry and Western blotting were used to detect the expression patterns and relative protein expression levels of the estrogen receptor 1 (ESR1), prolactin receptor (PRLR), growth hormone receptor (GHR), and insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R) in Hu sheep mammary glands during the four periods. All four receptors were mainly expressed in mammary epithelial cells and adipose cells. Furthermore, the expression levels of PRLR and GHR in the four-teat sheep were significantly higher than those in the two-teat sheep during P and L. Our data suggest that four-teat sheep have more developed mammary gland tissue compared with two-teat sheep.

Prolactin receptor regulates the seasonal reproduction of striped hamsters

Zygote ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Huiliang Xue ◽  
Jinhui Xu ◽  
Ming Wu ◽  
Lei Chen ◽  
Laixiang Xu
Keyword(s):  
Prolactin Receptor ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Reproductive Activity ◽  
Mature Female ◽  
Seasonal Reproduction ◽  
Population Abundance ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Differential Mrna Expression

Summary In this study, differential mRNA expression patterns of prolactin receptor (PRLR) in the hypothalamus and gonads, and the correlation with follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in striped hamster serum from spring, summer, autumn and winter were analyzed. Mature female and male striped hamsters in oestrus were used. Expression levels of PRLR in the hypothalamus, ovaries and testis from the summer and winter individuals were significantly higher compared with levels from the spring and autumn, whereas FSH and LH serum concentrations from summer and winter individuals were significantly lower compared with that from the spring and autumn. PRLR expression levels in hypothalamus, ovaries and testis were negatively correlated with FSH and LH serum concentrations, illustrating that PRLR might negatively regulate seasonal reproductive activity. PRLR expression levels in ovaries and testes were significantly higher compared with levels in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the regulative effects of PRLR in gonads might be significantly higher compared with that in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, PRLR expression levels from the spring, summer, autumn and winter seasons in the hypothalamus and gonads were significantly higher in females compared with levels in males, indicating that the regulative effect of PRLR might be sex dependent. Taken together, this study helps to understand in depth the seasonal regulative reproduction mechanism of striped hamsters to reasonably control population abundance.

Differential expression of the growth hormone receptor and growth hormone-binding protein in epithelia and stroma of the mouse mammary gland at various physiological stages

1999 ◽  
Vol 161 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
YN Ilkbahar ◽  
G Thordarson ◽  
IG Camarillo ◽  
F Talamantes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Growth Hormone Receptor ◽  
Mammary Epithelial Cells ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Mouse Mammary Gland ◽  
Mammary Epithelial ◽  
Mrna Levels

Increasing evidence suggests that GH is important in normal mammary gland development. To investigate this further, we studied the distribution and levels of growth hormone receptor (GHR) and GH-binding protein (GHBP) in the mouse mammary gland. At three weeks of age, the epithelial component of the right fourth inguinal mammary gland of female mice was removed. These animals were then either maintained as virgins until they were killed or they were mated. One group of the mated mice was killed on day 18 of pregnancy and the remaining mated animals were allowed to carry their pups until term and were killed on day 6 of lactation. At the time of death, both the intact left and the de-epithelialized right mammary glands were collected from all three groups. Some of the intact glands served as a source of epithelial cells, free of stroma. The mRNA levels for GHR and GHBP were measured in intact glands, epithelia-cleared fat pads, and isolated mammary epithelial cells. GHR and GHBP mRNAs were expressed in both the mammary epithelium and stroma. However, the levels of both GHR and GHBP mRNAs were significantly higher in the stroma as compared with the epithelium component. This increase for both mRNAs was from 3- to 12-fold at each physiological state examined. In the intact gland, both GHR and GHBP transcripts were highest in virgins, declined during late pregnancy, and the lowest levels were found in the lactating gland. GHBP and GHR protein concentrations were also assessed in intact glands and epithelia-free fat pads. Similar to the mRNAs, GHR and GHBP protein levels (means+/-s.e.m.) in intact glands were highest in virgin mice (0.891+/-0.15 pmoles/mg protein and 0.136+/-0.26 pmoles/mg protein respectively), declined during late pregnancy (0. 354+/-0.111 pmoles/mg protein and 0.178+/-0.039 pmoles/mg protein respectively), and were lowest during lactation (0.096+0.037 pmoles/mg protein and 0.017+0.006 pmoles/mg protein respectively). Immunocytochemistry utilizing specific antisera against mouse (m) GHR and mGHBP revealed that the two proteins are localized to both the stroma and parenchyma of mouse mammary glands, with similar patterns of immunostaining throughout the different physiological stages analyzed. GHR immunolocalized to the plasma membrane and cytosol of mammary epithelial cells and adipocytes, whereas the GHBP immunostaining was nuclear and cytosolic. In conclusion, we report here that GHR and GHBP mRNAs and proteins are expressed in both the epithelium and the stroma of mammary glands of virgin, pregnant, and lactating mice. In intact glands, GHR and GHBP proteins, as well as their transcripts are higher in abundance in virgin relative to lactating mice. At all physiological stages, GHR and GHBP mRNA levels are higher in the stroma compared with the parenchyma. These findings indicate that the actions of GH in the mammary gland are both direct through its binding to the epithelia, and indirect by binding to the stroma and stimulation of IGF-I production which, in turn, affects mammary epithelial development.

scholarly journals A co-expression network in hexaploid wheat reveals mostly balanced expression and lack of significant gene loss of homeologous meiotic genes upon polyploidization

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdul Kader Alabdullah ◽  
Philippa Borrill ◽  
Azahara C. Martin ◽  
Ricardo H. Ramirez-Gonzalez ◽  
Keywan Hassani-Pak ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hexaploid Wheat ◽  
Gene Loss ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Chromatin Modification ◽  
Single Copy ◽  
Plant Evolution ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Meiotic Gene ◽  
Gene Copies

AbstractPolyploidization has played an important role in plant evolution. However, upon polyploidization the process of meiosis must adapt to ensure the proper segregation of increased numbers of chromosomes to produce balanced gametes. It has been suggested that meiotic gene (MG) duplicates return to a single copy following whole genome duplication to stabilise the polyploid genome. Therefore, upon the polyploidization of wheat, a hexaploid species with three related (homeologous) genomes, the stabilization process may have involved rapid changes in content and expression of MGs on homeologous chromosomes (homeologs). To examine this hypothesis, sets of candidate MGs were identified in wheat using co-expression network analysis and orthology informed approaches. In total, 130 RNA-Seq samples from a range of tissues including wheat meiotic anthers were used to define co-expressed modules of genes. Three modules were significantly correlated with meiotic tissue samples but not with other tissue types. These modules were enriched for GO terms related to cell cycle, DNA replication and chromatin modification, and contained orthologs of known MGs. Overall 74.4 % of genes within these meiosis-related modules had three homeologous copies which was similar to other tissue-related modules. Amongst wheat MGs identified by orthology, rather than co-expression, the majority (93.7 %) were either retained in hexaploid wheat at the same number of copies (78.4 %) or increased in copy number (15.3%) compared to ancestral wheat species. Furthermore, genes within meiosis-related modules showed more balanced expression levels between homeologs than genes in non-meiosis-related modules. Taken together our results do not support extensive gene loss nor changes in homeolog expression of MGs upon wheat polyploidization. The construction of the MG co-expression network allowed identification of hub genes and provided key targets for future studies.Author summaryAll flowering plants have undergone a polyploidization event(s) during their evolutionary history. One of the biggest challenges faced by a newly-formed polyploid is meiosis, an essential event for sexual reproduction and fertility. This process must adapt to discriminate between multiple related chromosomes and to ensure their proper segregation to produce fertile gametes. The meiotic mechanisms responsible for the stabilisation of the extant polyploids remain poorly understood except in wheat, where there is now a better understanding of these processes. It has been proposed that meiotic adaptation in established polyploids could involve meiotic gene loss following the event of polyploidization. To test this hypothesis in hexaploid wheat, we have computationally predicted sets of hexaploid wheat meiotic genes based on expression data from different tissue types, including meiotic anther tissue, and orthology informed approaches. We have calculated homeolog expression patterns and number of gene copies for the predicted meiotic genes and compared them with proper control gene sets. Our findings did not support any significant meiotic gene loss upon wheat polyploidization. Furthermore, wheat meiotic genes showed more balanced expression levels between homeologs than non-meiotic genes.

scholarly journals Expression patterns and prognostic values of the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 and cyclin A2 gene cluster in pancreatic adenocarcinoma

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (12) ◽  
pp. 030006052093011
Author(s):  
Peng Jiang ◽  
Ming Zhang ◽  
Liangliang Gui ◽  
Kai Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Malignant Tumors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Advanced Tumor Stage ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Advanced Tumor ◽  
Kaplan Meier Plotter

Objective Pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD) is one of the most lethal malignant tumors worldwide. Various studies based on cell lines, preclinical mouse models, and human tissue samples have shown that cell cycle-associated proteins are involved in the tumorigenesis and progression of PAAD. Methods Herein, we analyzed the relationships between CDK1 and CCNA2 gene expression and prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer, using information from the Oncomine, cBioportal, Kaplan–Meier Plotter, and GEPIA databases. Results Expression levels of CDK1 and CCNA2 were significantly higher in PAAD compared with control tissues, and were associated with more advanced tumor stage. Survival analyses using the Kaplan–Meier Plotter database further confirmed that increased expression levels of CDK1 and CCNA2 were associated with a poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that CDK1 and CCNA2 may be potential therapeutic targets and prognostic biomarkers in patients with PAAD.

scholarly journals The Distribution, Expression Patterns and Functional Analysis of NR1D1 and NR4A2 in the Reproductive Axis Tissues of the Male Tianzhu White Yak

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3117
Author(s):  
Lijun Dai ◽  
Quanwei Zhang ◽  
Jun Shi ◽  
Xu Bai ◽  
Xiaoxiao An ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Steroid Hormones ◽  
Immunohistochemical Staining ◽  
Leydig Cells ◽  
Hormone Receptors ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Qrt Pcr ◽  
Reproductive Axis

Nuclear hormone receptors NR1D1 and NR4A2 play important roles in the synthesis and metabolism of hormones that are thought to be strictly regulated by the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis (HPG) tissues via gene expression. However, in the yak, the function and regulatory mechanisms of NR1D1 and NR4A2 are not clearly understood. The current study is aimed to investigate the expression patterns, distribution and functions of these two receptors in HPG tissues in male Tianzhu white yaks. Immunohistochemical staining showed NR1D1 and NR4A2 proteins were present in all yak HPG tissues with differential expression patterns and degrees of staining, particularly in Leydig cells that were strongly positive in accordance with the immunofluorescence results. qRT-PCR and Western blot results suggested that the highest expression levels of NR1D1 and NR4A2 mRNA were present in the hypothalamus, while the expression levels of NR1D1 and NR4A2 proteins were higher in the testis and epididymis than in the hypothalamus or pituitary gland. In addition, expression levels of NR1D1 and NR4A2 mRNA and protein in testicular tissues differed by age. Expression levels were significantly higher at 6 years of age. Gene ontology (GO) and pathway analysis enrichment revealed that NR1D1 may directly regulate the synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones via interaction with different targets, while NR4A2 may indirectly regulate the synthesis and metabolism of steroid hormones. These results showed that NR1D1 and NR4A2, as important mediators, are involved in the regulation of male yak reproduction, and especially of steroid hormones and androgen metabolism. These results will be helpful for the further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of NR1D1 and NR4A2 in yak reproduction.

scholarly journals The Presence and Distribution of TRPM7 in the Canine Mammary Glands

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 466
Author(s):  
Sungin Lee ◽  
Seulji Lee ◽  
Aeri Lee ◽  
Hun Ju Sim ◽  
Geon A. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Western Blotting ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Mammary Glands ◽  
Normal Mammary Gland ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin ◽  
Canine Mammary Gland

The transient receptor potential melastatin-subfamily member 7 (TRPM7) cation channel is a bifunctional ion channel with intrinsic kinase activity and is ubiquitously expressed in the animal/human body. Accumulated knowledge of TRPM7 suggests that it plays an essential role in normal physiological processes, including the development, survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration of cells. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the presence and expression patterns of TRPM7 in normal canine mammary glands using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), Western blotting, and immunohistochemistry. Normal mammary gland tissue samples were obtained from five female beagle dogs. RT-PCR and sequencing of the amplified PCR products demonstrated the presence of TRPM7 mRNA in normal mammary glands, and the presence of TRPM7 protein was confirmed by Western blotting. Immunohistochemical investigations demonstrated the expression of TRPM7 in the apical membrane of acinar and ductal epithelial cells in the canine mammary glands. These results provide the first evidence of the presence and distribution of TRPM7 in the canine mammary gland and could help explain the physiological and pathological roles of TRPM7 in the canine mammary gland; however, additional studies are required to elucidate these roles.

scholarly journals HIF3A: A Potent Prognostic Biomarker in Different Kinds of Cancer

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Behnaz Yazdani ◽  
Hajar Sirous
Keyword(s):  
Expression Pattern ◽  
Metabolic Regulation ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Expression Level ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Normal Tissues ◽  
Diagnostic Potential

Background: Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are transcription factors that get activated and stabilized in the heterodimerized form under hypoxic conditions. The three members of the HIF alpha factors share high structural similarity but have tissue-specific expression patterns. A majority of studies have reported the importance of the HIF1A and HIF2A activity in the survival, proliferation, metastatic potential, and metabolic regulation of hypoxic cancer cells. However, the importance of the expression pattern and activity of HIF3A in a variety of cancers remains unknown. Method and materials: The expression profile of 13 different types of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cancer samples were downloaded, normalized and differential gene expression analysis (DGE) was performed to compare the expression pattern of HIF alpha family members in cancer and adjacent normal tissues, as well as at different stages and tumor-sizes. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test and survival analysis were carried out to estimate the diagnostic potential of HIF alpha isomers in different cancers, as well as the survival rate of patients with the varying expression levels of HIF alpha factors. Results: The expression status of HIF3A was notably less in all cancer samples in contrast to their adjacent normal tissues. The expression degree of HIF1A varied among distinct types of cancer and the expression degree of HIF2A was lower in nearly all types of cancers. The expression level of HIF alpha isomers did not significantly correlate with different sizes of tumor samples and stages of different tumor tissue samples. HIF3A had very weak diagnostic potential, while HIF2A had better diagnostic potential in most types of cancers compared to HIF1A. Patients who had a higher level of HIF3A had better survival, while the higher expression levels of HIF1A and HIF2A were associated with worse survival in many types of cancers. Conclusion: Our study shows the heterogenous expression pattern of HIF alpha subunits in distinctive kinds of cancers and the influence of HIF3A expression level in the survival of patients with varying types of cancers.

scholarly journals Expression and clinical significance of miR-3615 in hepatocellular carcinoma

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 030006052098154
Author(s):  
Xin Yuan ◽  
Yize Zhang ◽  
Zujiang Yu
Keyword(s):  
Hepatocellular Carcinoma ◽  
Survival Curve ◽  
Clinicopathological Characteristics ◽  
The Cancer Genome Atlas ◽  
Prognostic Information ◽  
Ki 67 ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Kaplan Meier ◽  
Serum Alpha Fetoprotein

Objective To investigate the association between microRNA-3615 (miR-3615) expression and the prognosis and clinicopathological features in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods We obtained clinicopathological and genomic data and prognostic information on HCC patients from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. We then analyzed differences in miR-3615 expression levels between HCC and adjacent tissues using SPSS software, and examined the relationships between miR-3615 expression levels and clinicopathological characteristics. We also explored the influence of miR-3615 expression levels on the prognosis of HCC patients using Kaplan–Meier survival curve analysis. Results Based on data for 345 HCC and 50 adjacent normal tissue samples, expression levels of miR-3615 were significantly higher in HCC tissues compared with adjacent tissues. MiR-3615 expression levels in HCC patients were negatively correlated with overall survival time and positively correlated with high TNM stage, serum Ki-67 expression level, and serum alpha-fetoprotein level. There were no significant correlations between miR-3615 expression and age, sex, and pathological grade. Conclusion MiR-3615 may be a promising new biomarker and prognostic factor for HCC.

scholarly journals Genome-wide identification and expression analysis of Raffinose synthetase family in cotton

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruifeng Cui ◽  
Xiaoge Wang ◽  
Waqar Afzal Malik ◽  
Xuke Lu ◽  
Xiugui Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Abiotic Stress ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Plant Leaves ◽  
Motif Analysis ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Genome Wide ◽  
Salt And Drought Stress ◽  
Key Genes ◽  
Stress Gene

Abstract Background The Raffinose synthetase (RAFS) genes superfamily is critical for the synthesis of raffinose, which accumulates in plant leaves under abiotic stress. However, it remains unclear whether RAFS contributes to resistance to abiotic stress in plants, specifically in the Gossypium species. Results In this study, we identified 74 RAFS genes from G. hirsutum, G. barbadense, G. arboreum and G. raimondii by using a series of bioinformatic methods. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the RAFS gene family in the four Gossypium species could be divided into four major clades; the relatively uniform distribution of the gene number in each species ranged from 12 to 25 based on species ploidy, most likely resulting from an ancient whole-genome polyploidization. Gene motif analysis showed that the RAFS gene structure was relatively conservative. Promoter analysis for cis-regulatory elements showed that some RAFS genes might be regulated by gibberellins and abscisic acid, which might influence their expression levels. Moreover, we further examined the functions of RAFS under cold, heat, salt and drought stress conditions, based on the expression profile and co-expression network of RAFS genes in Gossypium species. Transcriptome analysis suggested that RAFS genes in clade III are highly expressed in organs such as seed, root, cotyledon, ovule and fiber, and under abiotic stress in particular, indicating the involvement of genes belonging to clade III in resistance to abiotic stress. Gene co-expressed network analysis showed that GhRFS2A-GhRFS6A, GhRFS6D, GhRFS7D and GhRFS8A-GhRFS11A were key genes, with high expression levels under salt, drought, cold and heat stress. Conclusion The findings may provide insights into the evolutionary relationships and expression patterns of RAFS genes in Gossypium species and a theoretical basis for the identification of stress resistance materials in cotton.

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