scholarly journals A relationship between multi-nutrient soil tests (Mehlich 3, ammonium acetate, and water extraction) and bioavailability of nutrients from soils for barley

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 173-180 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Missing Information ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Heterogeneous Soils ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Radical Intervention

The aim of the paper was to test the universality of three multi-nutrient soil tests after a radical intervention in soil chemistry by gypsum treatment on a variable set of 36 soils. Pot experiments with barley in a growth chamber were conducted to determine the bioavailability of K, Mg, P, Mn and B from soils. There were no marked differences in correlations between soil tests and the plant in K, Mg and P. But in the case of Mn and B Mehlich 3 test was not in appropriate agreement with the plant. Shortcoming of water extraction is missing information of capacity character for the derivation of the fertilizer recommendations on heterogeneous soils. The highest universality of NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test was proved in all studied nutrients (K, Mg, P, Mn, B) in relation to the plant. Determination of the CEC value that extends the information of capacity character is a part of this soil test. The CEC value contributes to a more sophisticated approach to interpretation for the fertilizer recommendations.

scholarly journals Relation between multi-nutrient soil tests and boron in barley

2011 ◽  
Vol 52 (No, 7) ◽  
pp. 295-300
Author(s):  
J. Matula ◽  
M. Pechová
Keyword(s):  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Basic Set ◽  
History Of ◽  
Different Soils ◽  
Radical Intervention

The aim of study was to verify a possibility of adding boron to multi-nutrient soil tests: Mehlich 3, water (1:5) and 0.5M NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate extraction. Thirty-six different soils from topsoils of agriculturally farmed field were used for the study. The basic set of 36 soils was doubled when the same soil samples with gypsum addition at an equivalent dose 2 t Ca/ha were used. The closest correspondence between B in soil (n = 72) and B in plant was found out by the NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test. This test proved its good universality and independence on a radical intervention in soil chemistry by gypsum treatment. It responded to an increase in B-availability to plants after gypsum treatment of soil. The adjustment of NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate boron by the percentage difference between the actual and the desired pH of soil improved the closeness of the correlation. Although the H<sub>2</sub>O soil test showed its lower universality, it is assumed to use the H<sub>2</sub>O soil test for prediction of B-status in soil when the history of previous fertilisation of the field will be known. The Mehlich 3 soil test did not prove to be suitable for diagnostics of B-status in soil.

LABORATORY DETERMINATION OF FIELD BULK DENSITY FOR IMPROVING FERTILIZER RECOMMENDATIONS OF ORGANIC SOILS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 475-482 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. VAN LIEROP
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Accurate Method ◽  
Organic Soils ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Exponential Relationship ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations ◽  
Regression Techniques ◽  
Soil Fertilizer

The objectives of this study were to find ways to improve the accuracy of soil fertilizer recommendations by taking into account the variation in bulk density (BD) of organic soils. To achieve this end, field BD values of 30 organic soils (0.100–0.504 g/mL) were used to evaluate methods of measuring the BD in the laboratory by means of correlation and regression techniques. A simple and rapid procedure using the reconstituted BD of field-moist soils was the most accurate means of determining the average field BD in the laboratory, as indicated by the correlation coefficient obtained between the BD values obtained by this method and those in the field (r = 0.975**). The second most accurate method relied upon the exponential relationship between the water content of soils and their BD (R2 = 91.1 %). The least exact method of correcting for BD variations was to scoop a volume of dried (65 °C) and sieved (2-mm) soils, as is done in some soil test laboratories. Although the values obtained by this method were related (r = 0.502**) to the field data, drying caused shrinkage of soils, thereby increasing their BD about twofold. Soil pH (r = 0.716**) and percentage ash contents (r = 0.851**) were also related to the field BD of soils. These tests could be used to estimate the BD of soils when the preferred method cannot be used. Regression equations are provided for relating appropriate test values to the BD of organic soils.

scholarly journals Boron sorption in soils and its extractability by soil tests (Mehlich 3, ammonium acetate and water extraction)

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 42-49 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Organic Matter ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Exchange Capacity ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Background Data ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

The aim of the paper was to contribute to the acquisition of background data for the specification of safe boron levels in soils in relation to diagnostics by multi-nutrient soil tests and to CEC (cation exchange capacity) value of soil, pH and soil organic matter. The research was conducted on 24 soils. Sorption was determined after 97 days from the application of B at the rates of 0, 1, 2.5, 5 mg B/kg in H<sub>3</sub>BO<sub>3</sub>. The closest regression of B-sorption was with the CEC value of soil in NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate and water tests and it increased with the increasing application of B (regression at a rate of 5 ppm B; NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate: linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.632, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.644; water: linear R<sup = 0.644, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.599). No relationship was found in the Mehlich 3 test. Regressions of B sorption on pH value were substantially lower. The relationship of B sorption with soil organic matter was similar to CEC, but less close. In the NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test, after the correction of CEC value of soil by pH deviations from the optimum, regression was improved (linear <I>R</I><sup = 0.821, polynomial 2<sup>nd</sup> <I>R</I><sup = 0.837).

scholarly journals Differences in available phosphorus evaluated by soil tests in relation to detection by colorimetric and ICP-AES techniques

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 297-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Colorimetric Detection ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Colorimetric Determination ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
Analytical Technique ◽  
End Point ◽  
Phosphorus Determination

Differences in the evaluation of soil phosphorus status by three soil tests (Mehlich 3, extraction with NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate and water extraction) were tested on 63 agricultural soils with different agrochemical characteristics from the territory of the Czech Republic. Differences between the colorimetric determination of phosphorus and ICP technique were studied. The median of the values of phosphorus supply in soils determined by soil tests was considerably different. Compared to the colorimetric detection of water extraction of soils the median of the NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate test showed 2.2 times higher values and in Mehlich 3 test the values were 34.8 times higher. The largest difference between the end-point analytical techniques of phosphorus determination, colorimetry and ICP-AES, was observed in the soil test of water extraction. The median of the values determined by ICP-AES was higher by 47%. In NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate extraction of soils the median of the measured values of phosphorus was higher by 12% and in Mehlich 3 extraction by 7%. Differences in phosphorus concentrations determined by colorimetry and by ICP-AES increased as the phosphorus supply in soils decreased. When the supply of 'available' phosphorus in soil is given, it is always necessary to specify the used soil test including the end-point analytical technique of phosphorus determination to avoid the misleading interpretation of results. The problem of phosphorus in agriculture and in the environment requires thorough revision and methodical standardization.

scholarly journals Possible phosphorus losses from the top layer of agricultural soils by rainfall simulations in relation to multi-nutrient soil tests

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 511-518 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Matula
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Layer ◽  
Water Extraction ◽  
Phosphorus Leaching ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil Tests ◽  
P Concentration ◽  
Extreme Load ◽  
Minimum Interval ◽  
Phosphorus Losses

The objective of the study was to examine a possibility of predicting phosphorus leaching from the top layer of agricultural soils by rainfall simulations by means of three multi-nutrient soil tests: Mehlich 3, NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate extraction and water extraction (1:5, w/v). Another objective was to determine parameters of maximum phosphorus losses after an extreme load of rainfall on the top layer. Forty soils from different localities of the Czech Republic were used for the experiment. A leaching experiment was conducted in pedological cylinders with a soil layer of about 1 cm and with the bottom from a glass microfibre filter with pores 1.2 μm in size. Within 15 days the soils were flooded ten times with 25 mm of simulated rainfall in a minimum interval of 1 day. The closest regression between the soil test and phosphorus leaching was computed for NH<sub>4</sub>-acetate soil test (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8831) and Mehlich 3 test (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8572) after the first application of 25 mm of rainfall. In water extraction it was for the mean of 10 simulated rainfalls (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.8674). As leaching proceeded, the closeness of regression diminished due to fluctuations of P concentration in leachates (increases and decreases), mainly in soils with higher <i>P</i>-test. The increase in P concentration could be caused by the activation of phosphorus from Fe-phosphates under anaerobic conditions in wet soils. The steepest decrease in P concentration in leachates was observed in light soils with low CEC value and higher initial <i>P</i>-test.

Interpretation of autumn soil tests for hazelnut

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. G. Kowalenko
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Leaf Tissue ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Soil Testing ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Soil Test ◽  
Soil P ◽  
Extractable P ◽  
Fertilizer Recommendations

The suitability of soil-test analyses for fertilizer recommendations for hazelnuts was assessed by detailed examinations of correlations with corresponding leaf-tissue concentrations in an orchard survey study. Correlations were examined only where optimum leaf-tissue nutrient concentrations had previously been established (i.e. N, P, K, S, Mg and Ca). Soil nitrate concentrations tended to increase substantially and relatively consistently in orchards where leaf N concentrations were greater than the optimum range, showing that soil and leaf analyses can be used for fertilizer recommendations for conservation and environmental as well as production considerations. Since most of the trees of the orchards in the study had P that was at or above adequate amounts, only limited conclusions could be made for soil P tests. Data from this survey and other literature showed that hazelnut trees can obtain adequate P from soils that have relatively low Bray-1 extractable P. Ammonium acetate extraction provides a reasonably good estimate of the K and Mg that are available to hazelnuts, and, for both nutrients, K and Mg fertilizer should be recommended for hazelnut (compared with many other crops) when soil-test analyses are relatively high. Ammonium acetate extracted considerable Ca from the soil and the amount extracted was not correlated with the concentration of Ca measured in the leaves. Calcium chloride (which extracts only unadsorbed sulphate) was a relatively poor extractant for available S because of the occurrence of sulphate adsorption in these soils. A surface 15-cm soil sample was adequate for most of the nutrients measured, but supplementation with subsurface analyses would improve nitrate, and possibly subsurface S should be included in the development of a soil test for S Soil testing is necessary to determine whether nutrients are building up in the soil. Also, only soil testing can be used for analysis-based recommendations prior to tree planting. Key words: Hazelnuts, Corylus avellana, filbert, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium

LC–MS/MS Determination of Apigenin in Rat Plasma and Application to Pharmacokinetic Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shixing Zhu ◽  
Jiayuan Zhang ◽  
Zhihua Lv ◽  
Mingming Yu
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Study ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Rat Plasma ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Plasma Samples ◽  
Supply Rate ◽  
Natural Plant ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Buffer

Background: Apigenin, a natural plant flavone, has been shown to possess a variety of biological properties. Objective: In this report, a highly selective and sensitive LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated for the determination of apigenin in rat plasma. Methods: Analysts were separated on the HSS T3 column (1.8 μm 2.1×100 mm) using acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid in 2 mM ammonium acetate buffer at a supply rate of 0.200 mL/min as eluent in gradient model. Results: Plasma samples were treated by protein precipitation using acetonitrile for the recovery ranging from 86.5% to 90.1% for apigenin. The calibration curves followed linearity in the concentration range of 0.50-500 ng/mL. The inter-day and intra-day precisions at different QC levels within 13.1% and the accuracies ranged from -10.6% to 8.6%. Conclusion: The assay has been successfully applied to the pharmacokinetic study of apigenin in rats.

scholarly journals Concurrent chromatographic determination of pseudoephedrine and loratadine from combination syrups and tablets

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Imad Osman Abu Reid
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Analytical Challenge ◽  
Intermediate Precision ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Complex Samples ◽  
System Suitability ◽  
Nonpolar Compounds

Abstract Background Chromatographic separation of polar and nonpolar compounds when presented in combined dosage forms has always been considered as great analytical challenge. Separation and retention of both polar and nonpolar compounds by the same stationary phase can be a useful approach for analyses of complex samples with such a difference in chemical properties. Loratadine (nonpolar) and pseudoephedrine (polar) are typical examples of this situation. Results The Box–Behnken design was used to optimize the separation process, an efficient separation of loratadine and pseudoephedrine was achieved within 6 min; employing a mixture of 16.0 mM ammonium acetate buffer (pH 4.5) and acetonitrile (23:77, v/v) as isocratic mobile phase, pumped at 1.0 mL/min through a Zorbax cyanopropyl column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), the analytes were detected at 250 nm. Under the same conditions, separation of sodium benzoate preservative co-formulated with the two analytes in syrup formulation was also achieved. The calibration curve demonstrated excellent linearity in the range of 24.6–123.2 μg/mL and 594.8–2974.0 μg/mL for loratadine and pseudoephedrine, respectively with determination coefficient (r2) > 0.999. Conclusion The method’s accuracy bias < 2.0%, repeatability and intermediate precision (%RSD < 2.0%) were verified. In addition, system suitability parameters were found within the acceptable limits. Satisfactory results were obtained upon the application of the validated method to the analysis of commercial tablet and syrup formulations.

Polarographic Determination of Zinc in Compounded Rubber

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 975-980
Author(s):  
F. C. J. Poulton ◽  
L. Tarrant
Keyword(s):  
Zinc Oxide ◽  
Ammonium Acetate ◽  
Potassium Thiocyanate ◽  
Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Acid Electrolyte ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Ammonium Acetate Buffer Solution ◽  
Gravimetric Procedure

Abstract Reasons are advanced for the unsatisfactory nature of some of the older methods for the determination of very small amounts of zinc in compounded rubber, particularly in latex mixings. The polarographic technique offers a possible solution, but most of the commoner electrolytes for the electroreduction of this metal are alkaline, and give rise to similar errors as are met in the gravimetric procedure. The development of a suitable acid electrolyte was therefore undertaken, and ways of dealing with likely interferences were examined. The electroltye finally recommended is a potassium thiocyanate-ammonium acetate buffer solution; iron, when present, is reduced to the ferrous condition by potassium iodide. The method was used to determine zinc oxide in a series of mixings of known composition ranging from 0.8 to 40 per cent. In all except the highest proportions of zinc oxide, the figures obtained agree well with the theoretical.

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