scholarly journals Spatial distribution of four spruce bark beetles in north-western Slovakia

2008 ◽  
Vol 53 (Special Issue) ◽  
pp. 45-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Turčáni ◽  
T. Hlásny
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Study Region ◽  
The North ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Infestation Density ◽  
Study Species

Infestation density of four the most common spruce bark beetle species was estimated on 15 study sites (10 trees per site) in the Kysuce model region in 2006. Five half-metre long sections of the stem were selected and dissected at the base of the stem; midway between the base of the stem and the base of the crown; just below the base of the crown; in the middle of the crown; and in the upper part of the crown. The infestation density of bark beetles, expressed as the number of mating chambers per dm<sup>2</sup>, was determined. Ordinary kriging was then used to produce smooth maps and visualize spatial distribution of study species. Maps with isolines indicating high infestation were produced for study species (<I>I. Typographus</I> over 0.38; (<I>I. amitinu</I>s over 0.15; (<I>I. duplicatus</I> over 0.11; and <I>P. chalcographus</I> over 0.415 nuptial chambers per dm<sup>2</sup>). <I>Ips typographus</I> L. remained dominant species on majority of sites having high intensity of infestation. Lower altitudes in the south-eastern part of the region were often infested by <I>I. duplicatus</I> Sahlberg and also by <I>I. typographu</I> and <I>Pityogenes chalcographus</I> L. Higher elevations in the north-eastern part of territory in the vicinity of border with Poland were heavily infested by <I>I. amitinus</I> Eichhoff (often with <I>I. typographus). P. chalcographus</I> was abundant on majority of territory – mainly in southern half of area. However locally, it was found in extremely high abundance. The results suggest the need for control measures set up jointly against the most abundant bark beetle species in study region.

A Synoptic List of the Parasites of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in North America North of Mexico

1965 ◽  
Vol 97 (5) ◽  
pp. 449-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Bushing
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
American Literature ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
The North ◽  
Alphabetical List ◽  
Host Parasite ◽  
North America North ◽  
Seasonal History

AbstractA resumé of the North American literature concerned with hymenopterous parasites of bark beetles is presented. Morphology, seasonal history, host-tree selection, hyperparasitism, importation and colonization and their influence upon control of the host are briefly discussed.Parasites of a given host or hosts of a known parasite can easily be found in two different lists. Parasites are listed below in an alphabetical list of bark beetle species. Hosts, including some species other than bark beetles, are listed under a separate list of parasite families and genera. Host-parasite associations in each list are supported by a numerical reference to the literature cited.

Occurrence of pathogens in Ips typographus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and in other spruce bark beetles from the wilderness reserve Dürrenstein (Lower Austria)

Biologia ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 69 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Wegensteiner ◽  
Andrea Stradner ◽  
Uwe Händel
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
Time Periods ◽  
One Year ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Malamoeba Scolyti

AbstractThe study presents new data on spatial distribution of bark beetle pathogens, on changes in frequency over several years and on their prevalence during different time periods within a year from several locations within the wilderness reserve Dürrenstein (Lower Austria). The occurrence of pathogens was investigated in Ips typographus (during five years), in Pityogenes chalcographus (during two years) and in Ips amitinus (in one year). In total, seven pathogen species could be detected in I. typographus. The most dominant pathogen species were the Ips typographus-Entomopoxvirus (ItEPV), the sporozoan species Gregarina typographi and the microsporidium Chytridiopsis typographi; the latter two pathogen species were recorded every year and at about similar high (G. typographi) or low (C. typographi) rates, the ItEPV in strongly varying rates. The neogregarine Mattesia cf. schwenkei and the two microsporidia Nosema typographi and Unikaryon montanum were found in I. typographus only sporadically and the rhizopodan species Malamoeba scolyti was found once. The number of infected males and females was relatively similar with almost all pathogen species in most of the years except U. montanum, which occurred exclusively in females. Three pathogen species were recorded in P. chalcographus which were Gregarina typographi, Mattesia cf. schwenkei and Chytridiopsis typographi. Two pathogen species were observed in I. amitinus, Gregarina typographi and Chytridiopsis typographi.

scholarly journals Drivers of Spruce Bark Beetle (Ips typographus) Infestations on Downed Trees after Severe Windthrow

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1290
Author(s):  
Branislav Hroššo ◽  
Pavel Mezei ◽  
Mária Potterf ◽  
Andrej Majdák ◽  
Miroslav Blaženec ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Wind Damage ◽  
Stem Length ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Management Actions ◽  
Spruce Bark

Research Highlights: Bark beetles are important agents of disturbance regimes in temperate forests, and specifically in a connected wind-bark beetle disturbance system. Large-scale windthrows trigger population growth of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus L.) from endemic to epidemic levels, thereby allowing the killing of Norway spruce trees over several consecutive years. Background and Objectives: There is a lack of evidence to differentiate how outbreaks are promoted by the effects of environmental variables versus beetle preferences of trees from endemic to outbreak. However, little is known about how individual downed-tree characteristics and local conditions such as tree orientation and solar radiation affect beetle colonization of downed trees. Materials and Methods: To answer this question, we investigated the infestation rates and determined tree death categories (uprooted, broken, and stump) in wind-damaged areas in Western Tatra Mts. in Carpathians (Slovakia) from 2014–2016, following a windthrow in May 2014. In total, we investigated 225 trees over eight transects. For every tree, we measured its morphological (tree height, crown characteristics), environmental (solar radiation, terrain conditions, trunk zenith), temporal (time since wind damage), and beetle infestation (presence, location of attack, bark desiccation) parameters. We applied Generalized Additive Mixed Models (GAMM) to unravel the main drivers of I. typographus infestations. Results: Over the first year, beetles preferred to attack broken trees and sun-exposed trunk sides over uprooted trees; the infestation on shaded sides started in the second year along with the infestation of uprooted trees with lower desiccation rates. We found that time since wind damage, stem length, and incident solar radiation increased the probability of beetle infestation, although both solar radiation and trunk zenith exhibited nonlinear variability. Our novel variable trunk zenith appeared to be an important predictor of bark beetle infestation probability. We conclude that trunk zenith as a simple measure defining the position of downed trees over the terrain can anticipate beetle infestation. Conclusions: Our findings contribute to understanding of the bark beetle’s preferences to colonize windthrown trees in the initial years after the primary wind damage. Further, our findings can help to identify trees that are most susceptible to beetle infestation and to prioritize management actions to control beetle population while maintaining biodiversity.

Impacts of European spruce bark beetle infestations on Norway spruce BVOC emissions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Jaakkola ◽  
Anna Maria Jönsson ◽  
Per-Ola Olsson ◽  
Maj-Lena Linderson ◽  
Thomas Holst
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Drought Stress ◽  
Norway Spruce ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Healthy Tree ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

&lt;p&gt;Tree killing by spruce bark beetles (&lt;em&gt;Ips typographus&lt;/em&gt;) is one of the main disturbances to Norway spruce (&lt;em&gt;Picea abies&lt;/em&gt;) forests in Europe and the risk of outbreaks is amplified by climate change with effects such as increased risk of storm felling, tree drought stress and an additional generation of spruce bark beetles per year&lt;sup&gt;[1]&lt;/sup&gt;. The warm and dry&amp;#160;summer of&amp;#160;2018 triggered large outbreaks in Sweden, the increased outbreaks are still ongoing and affected&amp;#160;about 8 million m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;forest&amp;#160;in 2020&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;. This is the so&amp;#160;far highest record of trees killed by the spruce bark beetle in a single year in Sweden&lt;sup&gt;[2]&lt;/sup&gt;. In&amp;#160;1990-2010,&amp;#160;the spruce bark beetle killed on&amp;#160;average&amp;#160;150 000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;#160;forest per year in southern Sweden&lt;sup&gt;[3]&lt;/sup&gt;. Bark beetles normally seek and attack Norway spruces with lowered defense, i.e. trees that are wind-felled or experience prolonged drought stress&lt;sup&gt;[4]&lt;/sup&gt;. However, as the number of bark beetle outbreaks increase, the risk of attacks on healthy trees also increase&lt;sup&gt;[5]&lt;/sup&gt;. This causes a higher threat to forest industry, and lowers the possibilities to mitigate climate change in terms of potential decreases in carbon uptake if the forests die&lt;sup&gt;[4,5]&lt;/sup&gt;. Norway spruce trees normally defend themselves by drenching the beetles in resin&lt;sup&gt;[6]&lt;/sup&gt;. The resin in turn contains different biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs), which can vary if the spruce is attacked by bark beetles or not&lt;sup&gt; [4,6]&lt;/sup&gt;. The most abundant group of terpenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes), is most commonly emitted from conifers, such as Norway spruce&lt;sup&gt;[7,8]&lt;/sup&gt;. The aim of this study was to enable a better understanding of the direct defense mechanisms of spruce trees by&amp;#160;quantifying BVOC emissions and its composition&amp;#160;from individual&amp;#160;trees under attack&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;To analyze the bark beetles&amp;#8217; impact on Norway spruce trees a method was developed using tree trunk chambers and adsorbent tubes. This enables direct measurements of the production of BVOCs from individual trees. Three different sites in Sweden, with different environmental conditions were used for the study and samples were collected throughout the growing season of 2019. After sampling, the tubes were analyzed in a lab using automated thermal desorption coupled to a gas chromatograph and a mass spectrometer to identify BVOC species and their quantity.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The preliminary results show a strong increase in BVOC emissions from a healthy tree that became infested during the data collection. The finalized results expect to enable better understanding of how spruce trees are affected by insect stress from bark beetles, and if bark beetle infestation will potentially result in increased carbon emission in the form of BVOCs.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;References&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;[1] J&amp;#246;nsson et al. (2012). Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 166: 188&amp;#8211;200&lt;br&gt;[2] Skogsstyrelsen, (2020). https://via.tt.se/pressmeddelande/miljontals-granar-dodades-av-granbarkborren-2020?publisherId=415163&amp;releaseId=3288473&lt;br&gt;[3] Marini et al. (2017). Ecography, 40(12), 1426&amp;#8211;1435.&lt;br&gt;[4] Raffa (1991). Photochemical induction by herbivores. pp. 245-276&lt;strong&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;[5] Seidl, et al. (2014). Nature Climate Change,&amp;#160;4(9), 806-810. &lt;br&gt;[6] Ghimire, et al. (2016).&amp;#160;Atmospheric Environment,&amp;#160;126, 145-152.&lt;br&gt;[7] Niinemets, U. and Monson, R. (2013). ISBN 978-94-007-6606-8&lt;br&gt;[8] Kesselmeier, J. and Staudt, M. (1999). Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 33(1), pp.23-88&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals Bark Beetle Population Dynamics in the Anthropocene: Challenges and Solutions

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter H. W. Biedermann ◽  
Jean-Claude Grégoire ◽  
Axel Gruppe ◽  
Jonas Hagge ◽  
Almuth Hammerbacher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Collaborative Research ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Ecological Framework ◽  
Beetle Population ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
Important Pest

Tree-killing bark beetles are the most economically important insects in conifer forests worldwide. Yet&nbsp; despite &gt;200 years of research, the drivers of population eruptions or crashes are still not fully understood, precluding reliable predictions of the effects of global change on beetle population dynamics and impacts on ecosystems and humans.&nbsp; We critically analyze potential biotic and abiotic drivers of population dynamics of the European spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) and present a novel ecological framework that integrates the multiple drivers governing this bark beetle system. We call for large-scale collaborative research efforts to improve our understanding of the population dynamics of this important pest; an approach that might serve as a blueprint for other eruptive forest insects.

ATTRACTION OF LASCONOTUS INTRICATUS KRAUS. (COLEOPTERA: COLYDIIDAE) TO THE AGGREGATION PHEROMONE OF THE FOUR-EYED SPRUCE BARK BEETLE, POLYGRAPHUS RUFIPENNIS (KIRBY) (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE)

1992 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.W. Bowers ◽  
J.H. Borden
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Aggregation Pheromone ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Black Spruce ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Host Finding ◽  
Bornyl Acetate ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark ◽  
High Degree

AbstractThe cylindrical bark beetle, Lasconotus intricatus Kraus., is attracted to multiple-funnel traps baited either with black spruce logs infested with male four-eyed spruce bark beetles, Polygraphus rufipennis (Kirby), or the male-produced aggregation pheromone, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol. The addition of the host terpenes, bornyl acetate and β-pinene, to 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol reduced the attraction of L. intricatus. 3-Carene, myrcene, and α-pinene appeared to have a partial inhibitory effect. Catches in spring and summer disclosed a high degree of temporal coincidence between the two species. We hypothesize that L. intricatus utilizes the aggregation pheromone of P. rufipennis as a host-finding kairomone.

scholarly journals Diapause and overwintering of two spruce bark beetle species

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 200-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Schebeck ◽  
E. Matthew Hansen ◽  
Axel Schopf ◽  
Gregory J. Ragland ◽  
Christian Stauffer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

PHEROMONES IN IPS (COLEOPTERA: SCOLYTIDAE): OCCURRENCE AND PRODUCTION

1972 ◽  
Vol 104 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967-1975 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Vité ◽  
A. Bakke ◽  
J. A. A. Renwick
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Host Material ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
New Host ◽  
Contact Pheromones ◽  
Functional Types ◽  
Feeding Aggregation

AbstractComparative gas chromatographic analyses of volatiles generated by Ips indicate the presence of cis- and trans-verbenol in hindguts of the 12 species investigated. The biosynthesis of verbenol does not require feeding, but instead results from the insect’s contact with oleoresin. Ipsdienol is the most frequently occurring pheromone in Ips species after feeding. Aggregation of these bark beetles appears to be regulated by two distinct functional types of pheromones, i.e. contact pheromones, produced and/or released upon contact with new host material, and frass pheromones, which require actual feeding in the new host’s tissues. The aggregation of aggressive bark beetle species seems to be largely dependent on contact pheromones, whereas the host’s susceptibility to feeding is indicated by the release of frass pheromones.

scholarly journals A Highly Contiguous Genome Assembly of a Major Forest Pest, the Eurasian Spruce Bark Beetle Ips Typographus

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Powell ◽  
Ewald Grosse-Wilde ◽  
Paal Krokene ◽  
Amit Roy ◽  
Amrita Chakraborty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Genome Assembly ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Plant Cell Wall ◽  
Draft Genome ◽  
Ips Typographus ◽  
Whole Genome Sequence ◽  
Comparative Genomic ◽  
Spruce Bark Beetle ◽  
Spruce Bark

Abstract Conifer-feeding bark beetles are important herbivores and decomposers in forest ecosystems. These species have evolved specializations to complete their life cycle in nutritionally poor wooden substrates and some can overwhelm tree defences and kill enormous numbers of trees during population outbreaks. The Eurasian spruce bark beetle (Ips typographus) is one tree-killing species; during a recent epidemic it destroyed >100 million m3 of spruce in a single year. We report a 236 Mb, highly contiguous I. typographus genome assembly using PacBio long-read sequencing. The final phased assembly had a contig N50 of 6.65 Mb in 272 contigs and was predicted to contain 23,923 protein-coding genes. Comparative genomic analysis including 11 additional coleopterans revealed expanded gene families associated with plant cell wall degradation, including pectinases, aspartyl proteases, and glycosyl hydrolases. This first whole-genome sequence from the genus Ips provides timely resources to address important questions about the evolutionary biology of the true weevils (Curculionidae), one of the most species-rich animal families. This resource will also allow for improved studies of functional genomics of both fundamental and applied value. In forests of today, increasingly stressed by global warming, this draft genome may ultimately assist in developing novel pest control strategies to mitigate outbreaks.

scholarly journals BARK BEETLE SPECIES OF IPS GENUS POSING A THREAT TO RUSSIAN FORESTS

2021 ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
М.В. Воробьева ◽  
Н.П. Бунькова ◽  
П.Н. Сураев ◽  
И.А. Фефелова
Keyword(s):  
Natural Disasters ◽  
Bark Beetle ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Extreme Weather ◽  
Beetle Species ◽  
Natural Range ◽  
Russian Forests ◽  
The Russian Federation

На основе литературных материалов и результатов собственных исследований авторов проанализированы короеды рода Ips. Отмечается, что в мировой фауне зарегистрировано 37 видов коро- едов данного рода, в том числе восемь распространено на территории Российской Федерации. короеды данного рода повреждают флоэму и камбий, как правило, у ослабленных и отмирающих деревьев. Не- редко они заселяют поваленные ветром деревья и неокоренную лесопродукцию. В то же время в экстре- мальные по погодным условиям годы или после стихийных бедствий (засуха, штормовой ветер и др.) численность короедов резко возрастает, и они приводят к гибели не только отдельные жизнеспособные деревья, но и древостои. кроме того, короеды являются переносчиками спор грибов, приводящих к де- струкции древесины. В работе приведен перечень видов короедов рода Ips, дано описание биологии не- которых видов и рекомендации по недопущению их распространения за пределы естественного ареала. Ключевые слова: короеды, Ips, биологические особенности, виды, карантин, вредоносность. Финансирование. Работа выполнена в рамках темы FEUG – 2020 – 0013 «Экологические аспекты рационального природопользования». Bark beetles of the Ips genus were analyzed on the barks of literature materials and the results of the authors own research. It is noted that 37 species of bark beetles of this genus have been recorded in the wored fauna, including 8 common on the territory of the Russian Federation. Bark beetles of this genus damage their cambium, as a rule in weakened and dying trees. Often they inhabit trees felled by the wind and forest product uncovered with bark. However, in extreme weather years or after natural disasters (drought, storm, wind and other) number of bark beetles increases shar ply and they this results in the death not only individual viable trees, but also the whole stand. In addition, bark beetles are carriers of fungal spores, leading to the destruction of wood. The work provides a list of bark beetles species of Ips genus, the description of the biology of some species is given, as well as recommendations for preventing their spreading outside the natural range.

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