scholarly journals mRNA Expression of CYP2E1, CYP2A19, CYP1A2, HSD3B, SULT1A1 and SULT2A1 genes in surgically castrated, immunologically castrated, entire male and female pigs and correlation with androstenone, skatole, indole and Improvac-specific antibody levels

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 89-97
Author(s):  
A. Kubešová ◽  
K. Šťastný ◽  
M. Faldyna ◽  
Z. Sládek ◽  
I. Steinhauserová ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Boar Taint ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Large White ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Entire Male

This study aimed to obtain a comprehensive look at the influence of castration on mRNA expression of the genes CYP2E1, CYP1A2, CYP2A19, HSD3B, SULT2A1 and SULT1A1 and their correlation with boar taint compounds (androstenone, skatole and indole) and Improvac-specific antibodies in a Czech commercial hybrid (Large White × Landrace (sow) × Duroc (boar)). Pigs were divided into groups of entire male pigs (NC), pigs castrated surgically (SC), pigs immunologically castrated and slaughtered 8 weeks (IM8) or 15 weeks (IM15) after the second dose of Improvac, and gilts (GI). Hepatic mRNA expression, measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, differed significantly between the control group (entire male pigs) and all groups of interest for CYP2E1, CYP1A2 and CYP2A19. The mRNA level of the HSD3B gene differed significantly between the control group and the IM8, IM15 and GI groups. SULT1A1 gene expression was significantly different between the control group and the SC, IM8 and GI. In the case of SULT2A1, a significant difference was observed only between the control group and IM8 pigs. For all genes and treatment groups described above, expression was increased relative to the control. Significant differences for Improvac-specific antibodies between IM8 and IM15 groups were observed, indicating decrease of antibodies over time. Moreover, negative correlations between androstenone and mRNA levels of CYP2A19, CYP2E1 and SULT1A1 suggest that gene expression is suppressed.

Abstract 14356: Blood Tests That Improve the Accuracy of a Brugada Syndrome Diagnosis

Circulation ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 132 (suppl_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Anyu Zhou ◽  
Ning Jinag ◽  
Marco Denegri ◽  
An Xie ◽  
Guangbin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Brugada Syndrome ◽  
Roc Analysis ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Operating Characteristics ◽  
Optimal Cutoff ◽  
Scn5a Mutation

Objectives: To discover the role of altered gene expression regulation in Brugada Syndrome (BrS) and to find biomarkers for BrS diagnosis. Methods: Twenty-five control patients (Control), 25 BrS patients without SCN5A mutation (SCN5A(-)) and 20 BrS patients with SCN5A mutation (SCN5A(+)) were included in this study. Specified gene expression of white blood cells (WBC) were measured by RT-qPCR using TaqMan® Gene Expression assay. Results: MEF2C and MESP1 are the two major cardiac specific transcription factors expressed in WBC. The mRNA expression levels of SCN5A, MEF2C and HuR, one of mRNA stabilizers, were decreased in the SCN5A (+) group (P=0.047, 0.02, 0.000 vs. control group, respectively). The mRNA expression of MESP1 in WBCs was significantly lower in both SCN5A(-) (P=0.012 vs. control) and SCN5A(+) (P=0.000 vs. control) groups. There was no difference between the two BrS groups in MESP1 expression (P=0.215). The area under the Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis curve for prediction of BrS using MESP1 levels was 0.775 (95% CI 0.668, 0.882, asymptotic Sig.=0.000). At the optimal cutoff, the corresponding maximum sensitivity and specificity were 0.62 (95% CI: 0.47, 0.76) and 0.88 (0.69, 0.97), respectively. The diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) of MESP1 for BrS diagnosis was 11.96 (95% CI: 5.79, 24.73). The assessment of the mRNA levels in blood SCN5A, MEF2C and HuR were useful for predicting BrS patients with an SCN5A mutation. The area under the ROC analysis curve for prediction of BrS with an SCN5A mutation using SCN5A, MEF2C and HuR mRNA levels in WBCs was 0.847 (95% CI 0.752, 0.942, asymptotic Sig.=0.000), 0.685 (95% CI 0.542, 0.828, asymptotic Sig.=0.016) and 0.777 (95% CI 0.652, 0.902, asymptotic Sig.=0.000), respectively. At the optimal cutoff, the DOR of SCN5A, MEF2C and HuR for SCN5A(+) BrS diagnosis was 17.5 (95% CI: 8.06, 37.86), 4.9 (95% CI: 2.61, 9.17) and 23.5 (95% CI: 9.39, 58.80), respectively. Conclusions: Our results suggest that assessment of circulating MESP1 may be used as a biomarker for BrS diagnosis while decreased SCN5A, MEF2C and HuR mRNA in WBCs is associated with BrS patients with an SCN5A mutation. Our results also suggest that decreased expression of SCN5A, MEF2C, MESP1, and HuR may be pathophysiologically related to BrS.

scholarly journals Treatment with PPARαAgonist Clofibrate Inhibits the Transcription and Activation of SREBPs and Reduces Triglyceride and Cholesterol Levels in Liver of Broiler Chickens

PPAR Research ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lijun Zhang ◽  
Chunyan Li ◽  
Fang Wang ◽  
Shenghua Zhou ◽  
Mingjun Shangguan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Target Genes ◽  
Nuclear Protein ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Cholesterol Levels ◽  
Regulation Mechanisms

PPARαagonist clofibrate reduces cholesterol and fatty acid concentrations in rodent liver by an inhibition of SREBP-dependent gene expression. In present study we investigated the regulation mechanisms of the triglyceride- and cholesterol-lowering effect of the PPARαagonist clofibrate in broiler chickens. We observed that PPARαagonist clofibrate decreases the mRNA and protein levels of LXRαand the mRNA and both precursor and nuclear protein levels of SREBP1 and SREBP2 as well as the mRNA levels of the SREBP1 (FASNandGPAM) and SREBP2 (HMGCRandLDLR) target genes in the liver of treated broiler chickens compared to control group, whereas the mRNA level ofINSIG2, which inhibits SREBP activation, was increased in the liver of treated broiler chickens compared to control group. Taken together, the effects of PPARαagonist clofibrate on lipid metabolism in liver of broiler chickens involve inhibiting transcription and activation of SREBPs and SREBP-dependent lipogenic and cholesterologenic gene expression, thereby resulting in a reduction of the triglyceride and cholesterol levels in liver of broiler chickens.

scholarly journals Effect of dietary supplementation with dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke on skatole level in backfat and CYP2E1 mRNA expression in liver of boars

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kateřina Zadinová ◽  
Antonín Stratil ◽  
Mario Van Poucke ◽  
Luc J. Peelman ◽  
Jaroslav Čítek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Jerusalem Artichoke ◽  
Dietary Treatment ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Feed Supplements ◽  
Crossbred Pigs ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Entire Male

AbstractThe objective of this study was to investigate the effect of diets containing different levels of dried tuber of Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, on skatole levels in back fat and on the CYP2E1 mRNA expression in the liver of commercial crossbred pigs. A total of 23 uncastrated male pigs from 10 litters of a commercial crossbred population of Large White × (Landrace × Large White), were used in this study. Boars were randomly divided into four different dietary treatment groups - a control group (K1; 5 boars; without supplementation of Jerusalem artichoke,) and three experimental groups (6 boars each) that were fed with the diet containing different levels of dried Jerusalem artichoke (K2 – 4.1%; K3 – 8.2%; K4 – 12.2%) for 14 days before slaughter. Significant effects of diet on skatole levels were observed between the control group and the experimental groups (P = 0.0078). The lowest level of skatole was in the K3 group with 8.2% of Jerusalem artichoke. As for CYP2E1, a negative correlation was observed between the levels of skatole and CYP2E1 mRNA expression. Significant effect (P = 0.0055) was found in all experimental groups compared to the K1 group, and most pronounced in the K2 and K3 groups. The supplementation with Jerusalem artichoke resulted in lower level of skatole and higher CYP2E1 mRNA expression. The results suggest that affecting the expression of CYP2E1 by feed supplements could be an option to effectively reduce the levels of skatole in adipose tissue of entire male pigs.

Aligned Expression of IFI16 and STING Genes in RRMS Patients’ Blood

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 878-886
Author(s):  
Sobhan Helbi ◽  
Behnam Ravanbakhsh ◽  
Mohammad Karimi ◽  
Wesam Kooti ◽  
Nahid Jivad
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Level ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Case Group ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
Type I ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Dna Sensing ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system. The most common disease phenotype is Relapsing-Remitting MS (RRMS). Beta interferons are the first line of RRMS patients’ treatment. Interferon-inducible protein 16 (IFI16) as a DNA sensing molecule and its downstream complex stimulator of interferon genes (STING) play a critical role in the activation of type I interferons. Hence we aimed to evaluate the expression rate of IFI16 and STING in RRMS patients’ blood under a different type of IFNβ treatment. Methods: In the present study, 99 individuals participated. The participants were divided into 4 groups: 28 control subjects, 25 new cases of RRMS patients, 25 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ-1a (B1a), 21 RRMS patients treated with IFNβ-1b (B1b). The EDTA-treated blood samples were taken and transferred at standard conditions to the Cellular and Molecular Research Center of Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, RNA was extracted and converted into cDNA. To evaluate the expression of IFI16 and STING, the Real-Time PCR method using SYBR Green/ROX qPCR master mix was performed done. The level of genes expression was measured using 2–ΔΔCt method. The obtained data were analyzed using SPSS v22 software. Results: Comparison of the IFI and STING mRNA expression in blood samples in association with gender and age showed no significant differences (p>0.05). Also, the evaluation of IFI16 mRNA level revealed that the IFI16 genes’ expressions were remarkably higher in the new case group compared to the control group, however, STING expression did not show any significant difference. The mRNA levels of IFI16 and STING in IFNβ-treated groups were significantly lower than the new case group (p<0.001). Also, the genes’ expressions in both the IFNβ-treated groups were significantly lower compared to the control group (p<0.001). In the assessment of the correlation of IFI16 and STING expressions with age and sex in different research groups, no statistically significant differences were seen (p>0.05). Conclusion: Perhaps the IFNβ therapy decreases the IFI16 and STING expression in a STINGdependent pathway as a negative feedback mechanism for regulation of the immune system and suppression of pro-inflammatory cytokines production. The important role of DNA sensing molecules and STING-dependent pathway in MS gives a new insight into future treatment based on STING-direct therapies.

scholarly journals PO-165 Effects of Living-High Training-Low on HIF-1α Transcriptional Regulatory Factors MAPKs mRNA in Gastrocnemius of Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sen Huang ◽  
Jianhon Liu ◽  
Zhihong Zhou ◽  
Wentao Lin ◽  
Xiquan Weng
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Regulatory Factors ◽  
Training Groups ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Sd Rats ◽  
Transcriptional Regulatory ◽  
Significant Difference

Objective To evaluate the effects of Living-High Training-Low on HIF-1α transcriptional regulatory factors MAPKs mRNA in gastrocnemius of Rats. Methods After adaptive training, 40 8-weeks-old male SD rats were divided into living-low quiet control group (LC), living-low training-low group (LoLo), living-high quiet control group (HC), living-high training-low group (HiLo). All living-high groups stayed in the environment with 13.6% oxygen concentration, about altitude of 3500 m, for 12h/day. All training groups underwent treadmill training with 35m/min for 1hour/day, 5days/week. 4 weeks later, the gastrocnemius was sampled 24 hours after the last training. The ERK, p38MAPK, JNK and HIF-1α mRNA genes expressions in gastrocnemius were measured by real-time quantitative PCR. Results The gastrocnemius ERK mRNA of HiLo group was significantly higher than LC (P<0.01), LoLo and HC groups (P<0.05). The p38MAPK mRNA of HiLo group was significantly higher than LC and LoLo groups (P<0.01 and P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between HiLo and HC group (P>0.05). The JNK and HIF-1α mRNA of HiLo group were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.01). Conclusions Living-High Training-Low significantly raise ERK、p38MAPK、JNK and HIF-1α gene expression in gastrocnemius of Rats. ERK, p38MAPK and JNK may be one of the transcription factors regulating HIF-1α mRNA expression in Living-High Training-Low in gastrocnemius of Rats.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Plasma MMP-9 and VEGF-A mRNAs as Non-invasive Diagnostic Biomarkers in Women with Endometriosis

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sepideh Abdollahi ◽  
Pantea Izadi ◽  
Shahla Noori Ardebili ◽  
Samaneh Chegeni ◽  
Mir Saead Yekaninejad
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Level ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Control Group ◽  
P Value ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarker ◽  
Diagnostic Biomarkers ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Significant Difference

Background: Endometriosis is one of the common gynecological diseases and can lead to pelvic pain, dysmenorrhea, dyspareunia, and infertility in women. Thus, accurate and early diagnosis is a pivotal issue and an essential need for managing this disorder. At the present, the gold standard diagnostic method for endometriosis is laparoscopic surgery that is an invasive method and can lead to delay in diagnosis. Thus, there is an immediate necessity to search for non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers, such as blood-based ones. Objectives: Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) have essential roles in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the plasma mRNA levels of MMP-9 and VEGF-A, as potential non-invasive diagnostic biomarkers for endometriosis. Methods: This study included 48 women (24 cases and 24 controls) who underwent laparoscopy for suspected endometriosis. Preoperative plasma samples were collected, and after RNA extraction, the levels of MMP-9 and VEGF-A mRNAs were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Results: Plasma MMP-9 mRNA level was statistically higher in endometriosis patients compared with the control group (P value = 0.01). However, plasma VEGF-A mRNA level did not show a significant difference between the two groups (P value =0.5). Conclusions: It seems that the plasma level of MMP-9 mRNA in endometriosis patients is significantly higher than in non-endometriosis women. This finding can provide new insights regarding this mRNA’s applicability as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker for discovering new cases of endometriosis (newly diagnosed). According to our results, despite the suggested role of VEGF-A in endometriosis pathogenesis, it seems that the plasma level of VEGF-A mRNA does not have the potential to be used as a non-invasive diagnostic biomarker.

Changes of Metallothionein 1 and 3 mRNA Levels with Age in Brain of Senescence-Accelerated Mice and The Effects of Acupuncture

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 435-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tingyi Wen ◽  
Xiaonong Fan ◽  
Mingchun Li ◽  
Jingxian Han ◽  
Xuemin Shi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Zinc Ion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Expression Levels ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Zigzag Pattern ◽  
Effects Of Aging ◽  
Senescence Accelerated Mice

The effects of aging and acupuncture on brain MT1 and MT3 mRNA levels in senescence-accelerated mice (SAMP10) and accelerated senescence resistant mice (SAMR1) were analyzed by Northern blot analysis. Both MT1 and MT3 mRNA levels in SAMR1 were increased significantly from birth to month 4 and decreased gradually thereafter. In SAMP10, the MT3 mRNA level followed the same pattern as in SAMR1 before month 4, then decreased from month 4 to 6, but was over-expressed and exceeded the previous level at month 8. The MT1 mRNA expression in SAMP10 showed a zigzag pattern. Of two groups of SAMP10 mice treated with acupuncture, the Xingnao group (PC6 and Du26 as acupoints) and the Zibuganshen group (BL18 and BL23 as acupoints), both showed a higher MT1 mRNA level and a lower MT3 mRNA level than the age-matched control group. Meanwhile, in both of the acupuncture groups, the ratios of MT3 to MT1 were down-regulated to the normal range. Overall, these results suggested that over-expression of MT3 mRNA and the increase in MT3 to MT1 ratios in SAMP10 were correlated with aging, and could be an important physiological and pathological event in the aging process. Acupuncture altered the expression levels of MT1 and MT3 mRNA and differences between the effects of the two stimulated acupoints were seen. Therefore, maintenance of the balance between MTs mRNA expression and correct MTs concentrations is crucial for brain-endocrine-immune response and normal aging. Acupuncture could improve zinc ion bioavailability, by maintaining the balance between MT1 and MT3 mRNA expression levels and might explain one of the mechanisms by which acupuncture treatments defer aging and treat some age-related neurodegenerative diseases.

scholarly journals Berberine Inhibits Intestinal Polyps Growth in Apc (min/+) Mice via Regulation of Macrophage Polarization

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meiyu Piao ◽  
Hailong Cao ◽  
NaNa He ◽  
Boli Yang ◽  
Wenxiao Dong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Macrophage Polarization ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Mannose Receptor ◽  
Migration And Invasion ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Intestinal Polyps ◽  
Significant Difference

Antitumor effect of berberine has been reported in a wide spectrum of cancer, however, the mechanisms of which are not fully understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the hypothesis that berberine suppresses tumorigenesis in the familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) by regulating the macrophage polarization in Apc (min/+) mouse model. Berberine was given to Apc (min/+) mice for 12 weeks. Primary macrophages were isolated; after berberine treatment, the change in signaling cascade was determined. The total number and size of polyps were reduced remarkably in berberine group, compared with control group. A significant decrease in protein levels of F4/80, mannose receptor (MR), and COX-2 in stroma of intestinal polyps and an increase in the level of iNOS were observed after berberine treatment. The mRNA level of MR and Arg-1 in berberine group was significantly lower than those in IL-10 or IL-4 group, while no significant difference in mRNA levels of iNOS and CXCL10 was observed. The migration and invasiveness assaysin vitroshowed that berberine could reduce the capability of migration and invasiveness. These findings suggest that berberine attenuates intestinal tumorigenesis by inhibiting the migration and invasion of colorectal tumor cells via regulation of macrophage polarization.

scholarly journals The Decrease In The Anxiolytic Effect of Morphine After Repeated Use of The Drug In Rats is Associated With Inflammatory Cytokine Signaling Pathways In The Prefrontal Cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shamseddin Ahmadi ◽  
Shiva Mohammadi Talvar ◽  
Kayvan Masoudi ◽  
Mohammad Zobeiri
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Cytokine Signaling ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Repeated Injection ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Repeated Use

Abstract We aim to examine anxiety-like behaviors and expression of specific genes complicated in neuroinflammation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) after repeated use of morphine. A group of male Wistar rats received injections of morphine (10 mg/kg) twice a day for eight days while a control group received saline (1 ml/kg) instead of morphine. On days 1 and 8, anxiety-like behaviors were evaluated using a light/dark box test. On day 8, opioid dependence was confirmed by measuring the behavioral expression of morphine withdrawal precipitated with naloxone. Expression of neuroinflammation genes were also evaluated at mRNA levels in the PFC on day 8. The results revealed that morphine induced anxiolytic-like effects on day 1, which significantly decreased after the repeated injection of the drug on day 8. The results also revealed that repeated morphine injection significantly increased the mRNA level of Il1, Tnfα, and Il6 but decreased Il1r and Tnfr while increased Il6r in the PFC. The gene expression results also revealed a significant decrease in Tlr1 but not in Tlr4 in the PFC of morphine-dependent rats. Although Erk1 expression had no significant alteration but p38 increased and Jnk3 decreased significantly in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats. Creb and Nfkb significantly increased but Fos expression decreased. Let-7c, mir-133b, and mir-365 also significantly increased in the PFC in morphine-dependent rats. We conclude that the alteration in neuroinflammatory pathways at gene expression level in the PFC may party underlie neuroadaptive changes leading to the decrease in anxiolytic effect of morphine in dependent rats.

scholarly journals Breed-specific lipid-related gene expression in the subcutaneous fat of Large White and Erhualian pigs at weaning

2015 ◽  
Vol 58 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Zheng ◽  
S. Pan ◽  
Y. Huang ◽  
L. Ci ◽  
R. Zhao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Protein Level ◽  
Uncoupling Protein ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Serum Triglyceride ◽  
Hormone Sensitive Lipase ◽  
Large White ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract. The Erhualian (EHL) pig possesses significantly lower growth rates and higher adipose deposition compared with the Large White (LW) pig. To further understand the mechanism of breed lipid deposition difference at the early postnatal age, we employed an animal model of EHL and LW pigs at weaning age to compare the lipid metabolism differences in subcutaneous fat. The result showed that serum triglyceride in EHL was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of LW. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ protein level in EHL was significantly higher (P < 0.01) though CCTTA enhancer-binding protein level demonstrated no change compared with LW pigs. Hormone sensitive lipase, adipose tissue triglyceride lipase mRNA expression and the lipase activity were significantly lower (P < 0.05) in EHL. Uncoupling protein-2 protein content was significantly lower (P < 0.01) in EHL than that in LW pigs. We first cloned the nucleotide sequence of Zinc-α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) with 1090 bp and found that both ZAG mRNA expression and protein level in EHL pigs was significantly lower (P < 0.01) than that of LW pigs. β3 adrenergic receptor mRNA expression in EHL pigs was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than that of LW pigs, though tumour necrosis factor α gene expression demonstrated no significant difference. Therefore, the significant breed lipid metabolism difference in subcutaneous fat exists at an early postnatal age between EHL and LW pigs, and this difference may originate from two causes including the increased lipid synthesis and reduced lipid mobilization in EHL pigs compared with LW pigs.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document