scholarly journals Effect of N and P fertilisation and aeration on biodegradation of crude oil in aged hydrocarbon contaminated soils

2010 ◽  
Vol 56 (No. 4) ◽  
pp. 149-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Syafruddin ◽  
G. Wieshammer ◽  
M. Puschenreiter ◽  
I. Langer ◽  
M. Wieshammer-Zivkovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Crude Oil Degradation ◽  
Substrate Induced Respiration ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Limited Oxygen

We conducted two laboratory experiments to examine the effects of fertilisation and agitation (aeration) on crude oil degradation in two soils with differential nutrient (nitrogen, phosphorus) availability. Two soils that had been spiked with crude oil two years before were mixed with nitrogen and/or phosphorus at three different levels and subsequently incubated 28 days (Exp. 1). In experiment 2 we investigated the effect of repeated agitation (manual mixing) on hydrocarbon degradation with and without fertilisation. One of the soils was also freshly spiked to assess the impact of ageing. Heptane-extractable hydrocarbon concentrations were determined in both experiments and substrate-induced respiration in Exp. 2. The generally small changes of hydrocarbon concentrations during 28 days of incubation in Exp. 1 are likely attributed to low bio-accessibility of hydrocarbons as a consequence of long-term ageing. Fertilization of nitrogen, phosphorus or combinations thereof was ineffective in most treatments of Exp. 1, which may be explained by limited oxygen supply due to the high proportions of clay and silt. However, agitation enhanced HC biodegradation in the sandy-loamy soil by about 15% (Exp. 2) compared to non-agitated treatments. In contrast, we observed no effect of agitation in the sandy soil.  

Determinants of Inflation in Vietnam: A VECM Approach

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 26-50
Author(s):  
Ngoc Tran Thi Bich ◽  
Huong Pham Hoang Cam
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rate ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Error Correction ◽  
Budget Deficit ◽  
Oil Prices ◽  
Crude Oil Prices ◽  
Domestic Credit ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Impact

This paper aims to examine the main determinants of inflation in Vietnam during the period from 2002Q1 to 2013Q2. The cointegration theory and the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) approach are used to examine the impact of domestic credit, interest rate, budget deficit, and crude oil prices on inflation in both long and short terms. The results show that while there are long-term relations among inflation and the others, such factors as oil prices, domestic credit, and interest rate, in the short run, have no impact on fluctuations of inflation. Particularly, the budget deficit itself actually has a short-run impact, but its level is fundamentally weak. The cause of the current inflation is mainly due to public's expectations of the inflation in the last period. Although the error correction, from the long-run relationship, has affected inflation in the short run, the coefficient is small and insignificant. In other words, it means that the speed of the adjustment is very low or near zero. This also implies that once the relationship among inflation, domestic credit, interest rate, budget deficit, and crude oil prices deviate from the long-term trend, it will take the economy a lot of time to return to the equilibrium state.

scholarly journals Ecogenotoxicology in earthworms: A review

2014 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paule Vasseur ◽  
Marc Bonnard
Keyword(s):  
Contaminated Soils ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Soil Invertebrates ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Genomic Changes ◽  
Genome Expression ◽  
Ecological Importance ◽  
Induced Changes ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Pollutant dynamics and bioavailability greatly differ in soil and aquatic systems. Therefore, specific approaches and models are needed to assess the impact of soil contamination to terrestrial ecosystems. Earthworms among other soil invertebrates have received more attention because of their ecological importance. They represent a dominant part of the soil biomass and are soil engineers regulating important soil processes, notably fertilization. The release in soils of pollutants known for their persistence and/or their toxicity is a concern. Exposure of terrestrial species to pollutants that may alter genomic function has become an increasing topic of research in the last decade. Indeed, genome disturbances due to genetic and epigenetic mechanisms may impair growth, as well as reproduction and population dynamics in the long term. Despite their importance in gene expression, epigenetic mechanisms are not yet understood in soil invertebrates. Until now, pollutant-induced changes in genome expression in natural biota are still being studied through structural alteration of DNA. The first biomarker relating to genotoxicant exposure in earthworms from multi-contaminated soils reported is DNA adducts measurements. It has been replaced by DNA breakage measured by the Comet assay, now more commonly used. Functional genomic changes are now being explored owing to molecular “omic” technologies. Approaches, objectives and results are overviewed herein. The focus is on studies dealing with genotoxicity and populational effects established from environmentally-relevant experiments and in situ studies.

scholarly journals Модели экономического влияния рекламы: первичные эффекты

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-85
Author(s):  
Сергей Вартанов
Keyword(s):  
Comprehensive Description ◽  
General Classification ◽  
Demand Functions ◽  
Strategic Goals ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Advertising Communication ◽  
Different Levels

Настоящая работа представляет собой вторую часть цикла из пяти статей, посвященных обзору существующих моделей, методов и взглядов на эффекты воздействия экономического института рекламы на рынок на всех возможных уровнях. В ней рассмотрен самый нижний уровень влияния рекламы, связанный с изменением под ее воздействием поведения конечных потребителей. Эффекты, оказываемые рекламой на них, являются первичными эффектами, так как именно с них «начинается» цепочка рекламного влияния на рынок. В работе рассмотрены убеждающая и информативная функции рекламы, сопоставлены визуальные и текстовые ее варианты, обсуждаются основные положения когнитивного и поведенческого подходов к анализу воздействия рекламы на формирование потребительского спроса. Кроме того, описаны кратко- и долгосрочные первичные эффекты и особенности их учета и моделирования с помощью функций спроса и основанная на этом методология перехода к анализу поведения фирм, стремящихся использовать рекламное воздействие для достижения своих стратегических целей. The present work continues a cycle of review articles dedicated to a comprehensive description and analysis of effects caused by advertising as an economic institution on the whole economy on different levels. Whereas the introductive part of the cycle gives a general classification of such effects, the current work considers the lowest level of advertising impact associated with changes in the end consumers behavior. This class of effects may be regarded as the primary since they start the chain of advertising impact on the whole market. The paper considers the persuasive and informative functions of advertising, compares its visual and textual variants, discusses the main provisions of the cognitive and behavioral approaches to the analysis of the impact of advertising on the consumer demand formation as well as main models of advertising communication. In addition, short and long-term primary effects and the specifics of their accounting and modeling using demand functions and the methodology based on this for the transition to the analysis of the behavior of firms seeking to use advertising influence to achieve their strategic goals are described.

scholarly journals SMEs Sustainability in Times of Crisis

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Otilia-Maria Bordeianu ◽  
◽  
Claudia-Elena Grigoras-Ichim ◽  
Lucia Morosan-Danila ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
East Region ◽  
Sustainability Strategies ◽  
Local Companies ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

The global crisis generated by the COVID-19 pandemic among the population and at the level of companies, state institutions, etc., underlined the importance of analysing its impact at different levels (intern, national and international level). The concepts of sustainability, development and growth must be aware, adapted and implemented more and more frequently, even constantly, in order to cope with the current evolution of the economy (and not only). The paper is an empirical research conducted in the North-East Region of Romania, aiming to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on local companies (especially SME’s), in the context of existing correlation between the COVID-19 impact on resizing, restricting, changing the number of active employees, changing revenue, changing turnover and changing profit, based on the Spearman correlation coefficients. In this sense, it was important to implement sustainability strategies and ensure the activity and resources of companies in the long term, because the effects of an economic crisis (natural resources, human resources, not only financial) are felt in 2021 and will be felt in the future 10 years. The paper concludes with two practical solutions to ensure the sustainability of the companies involved in the study, solutions that can be applied by all companies that have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic.

scholarly journals Multi-Time Scale Spillover Effect of International Oil Price Fluctuation on China’s Stock Markets

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 4641
Author(s):  
Jingran Zhu ◽  
Qinghua Song ◽  
Dalia Streimikiene
Keyword(s):  
Crude Oil ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Stock Markets ◽  
Spillover Effect ◽  
Oil Price ◽  
Time Varying ◽  
Price Fluctuation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Oil Price Fluctuation

With the continuous increase of China’s foreign-trade dependence on crude oil and the accelerating integration of the international crude oil market and the Chinese finance market, the spillover effect of international oil price fluctuation on China’s stock markets increasingly attracts the attention of the public. In order to explore the impact of international oil price fluctuation on China’s stock markets and the time-varying spillover differences of industry sectors, this study proposes three research hypotheses and constructs a multi-time scale analysis framework based on wavelet analysis and a time-varying t-Copula model. In this paper, we use the Shanghai Composite Index as the representative of a general trend of the stock market, and we use the stock index of the China Securities Industry as the counterpart of industrial sectors. Based on the data from 5 January 2005 to 31 May 2020, this paper measures and analyzes the spillover effect of international oil price fluctuation on China’s stock markets, under different volatility periods. The results show that, firstly, the spillover effect of international oil price fluctuation on the Chinese stock markets is different. In the short and medium volatility period, the changes in international oil price are ahead of the changes in the Chinese stock markets, while the latter is ahead of the former under long-term fluctuations. Secondly, the spillover effect of international oil price fluctuation on China’s industry stock indexes is persistent. As the time scale increases, the tail dependency will increase. Finally, the impact of risk events aggravates the volatility of the stock markets in the short-term, while the mid- to long-term impact mainly affects the volatility trend. Investment risk control can make overall arrangement on the basis of the characteristics of oil price impact under different fluctuation stages.

scholarly journals Student Participation in University Governance

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-26
Author(s):  
Bing Zuo ◽  
Eugene W. Ratsoy
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Student Participation ◽  
University Governance ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Student Government ◽  
Political Interests ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

This study investigated the scope, process, and effects of student participation in university governance, including student government. The study demonstrated that students are capable of administering their own affairs, satisfying various student needs, and protecting the political interests of students. Students were extensively involved in university academic and administrative decision-making at different levels. However, student associations as organized forces had much greater influence than did students at large. Both environmental and personal factors affected the impact of student participation in university governance. Although student participation in university governance is deemed indispensable, student participants must hone their group decision-making skills and demonstrate commitment to the mission of the university and its long-term interests.

scholarly journals Does Remediation Work for All Students? How the Effects of Postsecondary Remedial and Developmental Courses Vary by Level of Academic Preparation

2017 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Boatman ◽  
Bridget Terry Long
Keyword(s):  
Academic Preparation ◽  
Regression Discontinuity Design ◽  
Developmental Courses ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Remedial Courses ◽  
Long Term Outcomes ◽  
Academic Preparedness ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels

We examine the impact of remedial and developmental courses on college students with varying levels of academic preparedness, thus focusing on a wider range of students than previous studies. Using a regression discontinuity design, we provide causal estimates of the effects of placement in different levels of remedial courses on short-, intermediate-, and long-term outcomes at both 2- and 4-year colleges. Similar to other research, we find that remediation has negative effects for students on the margin of needing one developmental course. However, for students with lower levels of academic preparation, the effects of remediation are estimated to be positive in some subjects. These results suggest that remedial courses can help or hinder students differently depending on their incoming levels of academic preparedness. Moreover, our conclusions are largely driven by positive and negative effects observed for students at 2-year institutions, and we discuss several hypotheses that may explain these findings.

AN ESTUARINE OIL SPILL INCIDENT IN THE UNITED KINGDOM

1985 ◽  
Vol 1985 (1) ◽  
pp. 341-345
Author(s):  
N. Mitchell ◽  
B. Pyburn ◽  
W. J. Syratt ◽  
P. D. Holmes
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Oil Spill ◽  
Local Authority ◽  
Wide Area ◽  
Water Line ◽  
Light Crude Oil ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACT In September 1983, the 218,000 deadweight ton VLCC Sivand collided with the jetty while berthing at the Immingham oil terminal on the River Humber in England. As a result of the collision, a 66-foot gash was sustained in the ship's hull below the water line and about 6,000 tons of Nigerian light crude oil was released into the Humber. A combination of fast currents and southeasterly winds carried the oil over a wide area of the estuary, polluting dock areas and river creeks and threatening a number of sensitive areas. The cleanup following this incident, potentially the most serious in the U.K. since the Torrey Canyon, was a coordinated operation involving government, local authority, and industry resources. Four hundred tons of oil was recovered from docks, rivers, creeks, and inlets using disc and vacuum skimmers. A further estimated 2,000 tons was dispersed chemically using boats and aircraft. Information on the effects of the oil and cleanup on the estuary has so far indicated that the impact was considerably less than originally feared. Monitoring of the estuary continues and should provide useful long-term information.

THE IMPACT OF OIL ON MARSH COMMUNITIES IN THE ST. LAWRENCE RIVER

1981 ◽  
Vol 1981 (1) ◽  
pp. 333-340
Author(s):  
Maurice M. Alexander ◽  
Patricia Longabucco ◽  
David M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Larval Fish ◽  
Control Area ◽  
Natural Factors ◽  
Animal Activity ◽  
Term Basis ◽  
Time Of Year ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
St Lawrence River

ABSTRACT A 2-year investigation of fish and waterfowl populations was conducted on St. Lawrence River marshes that had been polluted with No. 6 industrial fuel on June 23, 1976. The heavy oil, which penetrated as much as 5 meters into the dense cattail stands, was removed along with the oiled vegetation. This was a zone of intense animal activity and mortality was great during the first few weeks. Marshes having different levels of oiling were selected for study along with a control area because prior baseline data were not available. The results suggested but could not prove that there was some long-range effects of the oil on these marsh communities. An example is the possible loss of eggs and larval fish for some species. However, the effects of the oil generally were masked by the effects of natural factors, and therefore difficult to identify or quantify. Variables such as water leve, time of year, water temperatures, type of oil, physical arrangement of the marshes, and the cleanup process each had an important role in the overall impact. The study demonstrated that the dynamic nature of marsh populations and communities make it imperative that the ecology of sensitive areas be studied in advance os that meaningful assessments can be made on a long-term basis. It also pointed out the danger of misinterpreting changes observed as being due to oil when in reality many interrelated natural factors are having their effects on populations and communities at the same time.

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