scholarly journals Amino acid changes during the early stages of tomato wilt disease (Verticillium albo-atrum)

2021 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 140-147
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Dixon
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Visual Symptoms ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

Soil-borne pathogens such as Verticillium species, invade into the roots of many herbaceous and woody hosts.  The xylem environment supplies these pathogens with a continuous flow of nitrogen-rich nutrition. Detailed quantitative increases in amino acids in the stems, petioles, leaflets and roots of young tomato plants infected with Verticillium. albo-atrum the causal agent of wilt disease, are described in this paper for the first time. Results focus in particular on the vascular environment prior to the emergence of visual symptoms. Total amino acid concentrations in infected stems and petioles increased substantially at 144 and 216 h after inoculation. This effect was evident in leaflets at 216 h after inoculation. By 216 h most amino acid concentrations were substantially increased in stems, petioles and leaflets of infected plants relative to healthy controls. Earlier at 144 h in stems substantial increases were recorded for aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and ethanolamine. A similar picture emerged for petioles with the addition of increases in proline but not glycine. Amino acids increasing substantially in infected leaflets at 216 h were aspartic acid, glutamic acid and ethanolamine. In the infected roots there was relatively little difference in amino acid concentrations relative to healthy controls with the particular exceptions of proline and ethanolamine. By 18 days (432h), when visual symptoms were well advanced marked increases in amino acid concentrations were found for threonine, serine, α-alanine, valine, methionine, iso-leucine, leucine, tyrosine, ethanolamine, ornithine, lysine, histidine and arginine.

scholarly journals Amino Acid Composition of Milk from Cow, Sheep and Goat Raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola, Two Localities of ‘Alto Casertano’ (Campania Region)

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 2431
Author(s):  
Nicola Landi ◽  
Sara Ragucci ◽  
Antimo Di Maro
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Total Protein ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Total Protein Content ◽  
Campania Region

Cow, sheep and goat raw milk raised in Ailano and Valle Agricola territories (‘Alto Casertano’, Italy) were characterized (raw proteins, free and total amino acids content) to assess milk quality. Raw milk with the highest total protein content is sheep milk followed by goat and cow milk from both localities. Total amino acid content in cow, goat and sheep raw milk is 4.58, 4.81 and 6.62 g per 100 g, respectively, in which the most abundant amino acid is glutamic acid (~20.36 g per 100 g of proteins). Vice versa, the free amino acids content characteristic profiles are different for each species. In particular, the most abundant free amino acid in cow, sheep and goat raw milk is glutamic acid (9.07 mg per 100 g), tyrosine (4.72 mg per 100 g) and glycine (4.54 mg per 100 g), respectively. In addition, goat raw milk is a source of taurine (14.92 mg per 100 g), retrieved in low amount in cow (1.38 mg per 100 g) and sheep (2.10 mg per 100 g) raw milk. Overall, raw milk from ‘Alto Casertano’ show a high total protein content and are a good source of essential amino acids.

Changes in amino acid compounds of wheat plants during ensiling and aerobic exposure: the influence of propionic acid and urea phosphate-calcium propionate

1984 ◽  
Vol 102 (3) ◽  
pp. 667-672 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Ashbell ◽  
H. H. Theune ◽  
D. Sklan
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Propionic Acid ◽  
Butyric Acid ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Butyric Acid ◽  
Urea Phosphate ◽  
Fresh Material ◽  
Calcium Propionate

SummaryChanges in distribution of amino acid nitrogen of chopped wheat plants ensiled at shooting and flowering when wilted, and at the milk and dough stages as fresh material, were determined as affected by addition of 0·8% propionic acid (PrA) or 2·2% urea phosphate-calcium propionate (UP-CaPr). Analyses were carried out after an ensiling period of 90 days and after a further aerobic exposure period (AE) of 7 days.Total amino acid (TAA) contents in the dry matter (D.M.) during the fermentation period and in the AE were stable in untreated material (UM) and treated material. Concentration of essential amino acids decreased during fermentation, this decrease being higher in the UM. The free amino acids were low in the fresh material (18·6% of TAA) but increased in the ensiled material to ca. 71 % of the TAA in the silage. In the AE this level was 63% in UM and 69% in treated material. The ammonia-N contents increased during fermentation in UM and especially in the UP-CaPr treatments, while the opposite occurred in the PrA treatments.The concentrations of and changes in 21 amino acids (AAs) are given. The highest AA concentrations recorded in the fresh material were those of arginine, lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, leucine, proline and glycine. The most marked increments in AAs as a result of fermentation were those of ornithine, γ-amino butyric acid, threonine and methionine. Marked decreases were observed in glutamine, arginine and glutamic acid. PrA increased mainly arginine, asparagine and glutamine, whereas γ-amino butyric acid decreased; UP-CaPr increased arginine, asparagine, lysine and glutamic acid (in silage only) and reduced γ-amino butyric acid and glutamine (in AE only).

scholarly journals The effect of Cladophora glomerata exudates on the amino acid composition of Cladophora fracta and Rhizoclonium sp.

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 313-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Pikosz ◽  
Joanna Czerwik-Marcinkowska ◽  
Beata Messyasz
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Chemical Stress ◽  
Cladophora Glomerata ◽  
Adaptation To Stress ◽  
Filamentous Green Algae

AbstractFilamentous green algae (FGA) frequently forms dense mats which can be either mono- or polyspecies. While various defense mechanisms of competition in algae are known, little is known about the interactions between different species of FGA. An experiment in controlled laboratory conditions was conducted to gather data on the changes in amino acids (AA) concentrations in FGA species in the presence of exudates from different other species. The aim of the present study was to identify the AA whose concentrations showed significant changes and to assess if the changes could be adaptation to stress conditions. The major constituents of the AA pool in Cladophora glomerata, C. fracta and Rhizoclonium sp. were Glutamic acid (Glu), Aspartic acid (Asp) and Leucine (Leu). In response to chemical stress, that is the increasing presence of exudates, a significant increase in the concentrations Proline (Pro) and Tryptophan (Trp) was noted. The increase in Proline levels was observed in C. fracta and Rhizoclonium in response to chemical stress induced by C. glomerata exudates. As the concentration of exudates increased in the medium, there was a progressive shift in the pattern of AA group in FGA.

scholarly journals Plasma amino acid concentrations in pregnant rats and in 21-day foetuses

1977 ◽  
Vol 166 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Palou ◽  
L Arola ◽  
M Alemany
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Plasma Amino Acid ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Acid Uptake ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Foetal Growth ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations ◽  
Concentration Ratios

Plasma amino acid concentrations were determined in virgin female rats, in pregnant rats (12 and 21 days after impregnation) and in 21-day foetuses. The total amino acid concentration in plasma decreases significantly with pregnancy, being lower at 12 than at 21 days. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate and other ‘gluconeogenic’ amino acids decrease dramatically by mid-term, but regain their original concentrations at the end of the pregnancy. With most other amino acids, mainly the essential ones, the trend is towards lower concentrations which are maintained throughout pregnancy. These data agree with known nitrogen-conservation schemes in pregnancy and with the important demands on amino acids provoked by foetal growth. In the 21-day foetuses, concentrations of individual amino acids are considerably higher than in their mothers, with high plasma foetal/maternal concentration ratios, especially for lysine, phenylalanine and hydroxy-proline, suggesting active protein biosynthesis and turnover. All other amino acids also have high concentration ratios, presumably owing to their requirement by the foetuses for growth. Alanine, glutamine+glutamate, asparagine+aspartate, glycine, serine and threonine form a lower proportion of the total amino acids in foetuses than in the virgin controls or pregnant rats, probably owing to their role primarily in energy metabolism in the adults. The results indicate that at this phase of foetal growth, the placental amino acid uptake is considerable and seems to be higher than immediately before birth.

scholarly journals Apparent amino acid absorption from feather meal by chicks

1983 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachel Bielorai ◽  
Z. Harduf ◽  
B. Iosif ◽  
Eugenia Alumot
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Magnesium Ferrite ◽  
Feather Meal ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Lower Ileum

1. The apparent absorption values of individual amino acids from two samples of feather meal (FM) were determined in the lower ileum of chicks fed on diets containing magnesium ferrite as a marker.2. The average absorption values for FM amino acids were low, approximately 0.50, as compared with approximately 0.85 for soya bean, used as a control. Values for individual amino acids from FM differed distinctly, ranging from 0.20 to 0.70. Low values were obtained for aspartic acid, histidine, lysine, glutamic acid and cystine.3. An indication of the low absorption of the previously-mentioned amino acids was obtained by analysing the amino acid composition of the FM residues undigested by pepsin or pancreatin.4. The reasons for testing the apparent rather than the true absorption are discussed.

scholarly journals Amino acids in Arctic aerosols

2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 17367-17396 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Scalabrin ◽  
R. Zangrando ◽  
E. Barbaro ◽  
N. M. Kehrwald ◽  
J. Gabrieli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Water Cycle ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Boreal Summer ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Abstract. Amino acids are significant components of atmospheric aerosols, affecting organic nitrogen input to marine ecosystems, atmospheric radiation balance, and the global water cycle. The wide range of amino acid reactivities suggest that amino acids may serve as markers of atmospheric transport and deposition of particles. Despite this potential, few measurements have been conducted in remote areas to assess amino acid concentrations and potential sources. Polar regions offer a unique opportunity to investigate atmospheric processes and to conduct source apportionment studies of such compounds. In order to better understand the importance of amino acid compounds in the global atmosphere, we determined free amino acids (FAAs) in seventeen size-segregated aerosol samples collected in a polar station in the Svalbard Islands from 19 April until 14 September 2010. We used an HPLC coupled with a tandem mass spectrometer (ESI-MS/MS) to analyze 20 amino acids to quantify compounds at fmol m−3 levels. Mean total FAA concentration was 1070 fmol m−3 where serine and glycine were the most abundant compounds in almost all samples and accounted for 45–60% of the total amino acid relative abundance. The other eighteen compounds had average concentrations between 0.3 and 98 fmol m−3. The higher amino acid concentrations were present in the ultrafine aerosol fraction (<0.49 μm) and accounted for the majority of the total amino acid content. Local marine sources dominate the boreal summer amino acid concentrations, with the exception of the regional input from Icelandic volcanics.

scholarly journals Determination of qualitative composition and quantitative content of amino acids in garlic bulbs and leaves

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Fedosov ◽  
V. S. Kyslychenko ◽  
O. M. Novosel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Bound State ◽  
Quantitative Content ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Plant Amino Acids

Introduction. Plant amino acids have an important impact on functioning of various systems and organs of human body. In addition, they possess a wide range of pharmacotherapeutic properties, improve the digestion and potentiate the activity of biologically active compounds present in plants. Thus, the search of plant species that contain a large complex of plant amino acids and are used as food is of current interest. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) from Alliaceae family is one of such plants, and has been used since ancient times for the treatment of various disorders.The aim of the study – to determine the composition and quantitative content of free and bound amino acids of garlic bulbs and leaves.Research methods. The amino acid composition was determined using the high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method.Results and Discussion. 16 amino acids were detected in garlic bulbs as a result of the experiment. Arginine (3.04 %) and proline (1.56 %) were found to be accumulated infree state, while glutamic acid (10.59 %), aspartic acid (6.06 %) and arginine (5.94 %) prevailed in bound state. 15 free and 16 bound amino acids were identified and quantified in garlic leaves. Glutamic acid (2.11 %), leucine (1.79 %), valine (1.77 %), isoleucine (1.52 %), treonine and phenylalanine (1.44 %) dominated infree state, and glutamic acid (28.49 %), aspartic acid (12.90 %) and leucine (7.61 %) prevailed in bound state. Methionine was found only in bound state in garlic leaves.Conclusions. The amino acid composition of garlic bulbs and leaves was studied using the HPLC method. 16 amino acids in both free and bound state were detected and their content was determined in garlic bulbs, while in garlic leaves – 15 free and 16 bound amino acids. The results of the experiment showed that methionine is present only in bound state in garlic leaves.

The main amino acids in xylem sap of Vitis vinifera L. var. Cabernet Franc during the vegetative cycle. Search for an amino acid marker

OENO One ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Corine Larchevêque ◽  
A. Casanova
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Acid Content ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Amino Acid Content ◽  
Total Amino Acid ◽  
Bud Burst ◽  
Phenological Stage ◽  
Total Amino Acid Content

<p style="text-align: justify;">Numerous studies have been carried out on the vine, must and wine, but few on sap. Main phenological stages i.e. bud burst, the flowering period, veraison and the ripening period have been well described. However, at the present time, no study is available identifying the main amino acids of the xylem sap, at the formentioned periods. Located within the « Graves de Pessac-Léognan » vineyard, the plot area studied has a clayey-chalky soil with a small amount of sand present. The cultivar Cabernet franc was grafted on the Fercal rootstock. Planted in June 1982, the vine was trained with Guyot pruning and no tillage. The density of the plantation was 5.550 vines per ha. Four rows of 21 vines were sampled.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">Analysis of xylem sap, by H.P.L.C., at the four stages, taken from several vintages, showed that the global content of amino acids varied year to year (LARCHEVÊQUE, 1998). The experiment reported on herein was carried out in order to determine both the main amino acids in the xylem sap and to identify a marker amongst them, having the same evolution as that of the global amino acid content from one phenological stage to the next. A pool of eight amino acids, all present in large quantities (about 80 p. cent of total amino acid content), was always noted : asparagine/glutamine, tyrosine, arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, histidine and proline. Concentration levels of these components differed in sap, depending on the vintage, at the same phenological stage. At bud burst, as at the flowering period, the sap had a similar qualitative composition.</p><p style="text-align: justify;">It was noteworthy that aspartic acid evidenced the same evolution that of the total amino acid content (i.e. the same variation in percentage) from one phenological stage to the next. Aspartic acid should therefore be regarded as a « marker » of total amino acid content evolution during the vegetative cycle.</p>

SEPARATION OF THE PROTEIN CONSTITUENTS OF THE LARVAL DIETS OF THE HONEYBEE BY CONTINUOUS PAPER ELECTROPHORESIS

1959 ◽  
Vol 37 (6) ◽  
pp. 957-964 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. J. Habowsky ◽  
R. W. Shuel
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Glutamic Acid ◽  
Free Amino Acid ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Free Amino ◽  
Royal Jelly ◽  
Paper Electrophoresis ◽  
Protein Fractions ◽  
Electrophoretic Patterns

The protein constituents of the larval diets of queen and worker honeybees were separated by continuous paper electrophoresis. The electrophoretic patterns of royal jelly of any age and the early worker diet were similar and comprised five ninhydrin-reactive bands or fractions. Fraction 1 (nearest the cathode) contained lysine as a free amino acid. Fractions 3 and 4 appeared to be complex polypeptides. Alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glycine, histidine, isoleucine and/or leucine, lysine, phenylalanine, threonine, tyrosine, valine, and an unidentified substance were found in chromatograms of the acid hydrolyzate of fraction 3; the hydrolyzate of fraction 4 contained the same amino acids except for threonine. Fractions 2 and 5 were not characterized. Electrophoresis of the diet of worker larvae older than 3 days showed a pronounced fading of all bands, attributable to the dilution of the solids by the addition of honey which occurs at this time. There appeared to be no qualitative differences between the protein fractions of royal jelly and worker diet which would account for the differentiation of female honeybees into queens and workers. The decrease with age in the percentage of protein in the worker diet may be significant.

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