scholarly journals Phytoextraction of cadmium, copper, zinc and mercury by selected plants

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 295-304 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Kacálková ◽  
P. Tlustoš ◽  
J. Száková
Keyword(s):  
Total Content ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Risk Elements ◽  
Zn Uptake ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Collection Point ◽  
Willow Tree

During the years 2006 and 2007 the phytoextraction ability of maize (<I>Zea mays</I>), willow-tree (<I>Salix smithiana</I>) and poplar (<I>Populus nigra</I> × <I>P. maximowiczii</I>) to accumulate cadmium, copper, mercury and zinc was investigated. Small scale field experiment was carried out on soil contaminated with chemicals from the waste incineration plant in Hradec Kralové (Czech Republic). Screening of this allotment showed very different contamination of all observed risk elements on places where the material intended to be burnt without safety of leakage into soil. Grown plants showed the different accumulation of observed elements in plant tissues as well as the influence of total content of the risk elements in soil. The highest Cd (1.5–1.73 mg/kg) and Zn (242–268 mg/kg) concentrations were found in willow-tree biomass mainly in the leaves. Cu and Hg were mostly accumulated by maize roots (14.6–15.8 mg Cu/kg and 1.3–7.4 mg Hg/kg) and lower amount was found out in willow-tree leaves again. In reference to total production of each plant the maximum Cd and Zn uptake by aboveground biomass was found in poplars (201 mg Cd/m<sup>2</sup> and 38 200 mg Zn/m<sup>2</sup>) and maize, which showed high Zn uptake. The biggest amount of copper (2563 mg Cu/m<sup>2</sup>) was accumulated by aboveground maize biomass on the collection point with the highest Cu concentration in soil and by poplar (2394 mg Cu/m<sup>2</sup>) on the other collection point. The highest Hg uptake differs in reference to total Hg content in soil; willow-tree has the highest uptake on the place with lower Hg content in soil (44.6 mg Hg/m<sup>2</sup>) and maize has the highest uptake on the place with higher Hg content in soil (92 mg Hg/m<sup>2</sup>).

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF ROUGHNESS ON THE TRIBOLOGICAL BEHAVIOR OF A STEEL-STEEL COUPLE LUBRICATED WITH THREAD COMPOUND

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-200
Author(s):  
N. A. ZABALA ◽  
P. CASTRO ◽  
Walter TUCKART
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
High Pressure ◽  
Tribological Behavior ◽  
Normal Load ◽  
Roughness Parameter ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Contact Conditions ◽  
Threaded Joints ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Wear Damage

The purpose of this study is to determinate the influence of surface roughness on the tribological behavior of a lubricated steel against steel tribosystem. Tests were carried out at high pressure and slow sliding speed, in order to simulate at small scale, the contact conditions found in the seal of the threaded joints used in oil & gas casing and tubing strings. Tests were carried out with a simplified block-onring test, varying the surface roughness of rings between 1.3 to 3 m Ra values. A thread compound lubricant containing lead, copper, zinc and graphite was used. During each cycle of test, the normal load was varied linearly between 250 N and 7000 N. An exponential correlation between Ra and Rt roughness values with the wear damage was found and the wear damage of the blocks decreases about 40 percent with the increasing of initial Ra roughness parameter in the movil surface.

Selection of wheat breeders' lines for improved baking quality based on their free lipid content

1991 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 715 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Panozzo ◽  
F Bekes ◽  
L O'Brien ◽  
A Khan
Keyword(s):  
Lipid Content ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Lower Amount ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Loaf Volume ◽  
Baking Quality ◽  
Free Lipid ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Wheat Lines

To determine if a relationship exists between the amount of extracted lipid and loaf volume, the free lipid content in wholemeal wheat and flour samples was extracted using n-hexane. Three different extraction methods, classical Soxhlet, a commercial Soxhlet instrument known as the Soxtec and batch extraction at room temperature, were used. The aim was to ascertain which method could best be applied to screen large numbers of wheat lines in a breeding program. The results showed that the Soxhlet and Soxtec methods extracted similar amounts of lipid while the batch method extracted a lower amount. The relationships between loaf volume and free lipid extracted from either flour or wholemeal were highly significant. A protocol for screening wheat lines in a breeding program was developed. When evaluated over 2 years, measurement of free lipid content was sufficiently accurate to be used as a small scale test to select wheat lines for baking quality.

Groundnut mutants with end-of-season drought tolerance for the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State, Sudan.

2021 ◽  
pp. 243-257
Author(s):  
Elgailani Abdalla ◽  
Tarig Ahmed ◽  
Omar Bakhit ◽  
Yasir Gamar ◽  
Salih Elshaikh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Mutation Induction ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Drought Period ◽  
Dry Lands ◽  
Terminal Drought ◽  
Drought Tolerant ◽  
Terminal Drought Stress

Abstract Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), produced in the traditional small-scale rainfed sector of Western Sudan, accounts for 80% of the total annual groundnut acreage, producing 70% of the total production. Low productivity of groundnut is a characteristic feature in North Kordofan State, which is characterized as the most vulnerable state to the impact of climate change. Terminal drought stress resulting from reduction in rainfall amount and distribution at the end of the season is the most deleterious drought period, as it coincides with groundnut pod filling and maturation periods. High and stable yields under subsistence farming conditions in North Kordofan State could be realized only by using adapted high-yielding, drought-tolerant genotypes. Mutation induction by gamma-rays of 200 and 300 Gy was utilized to irradiate 500 dry seeds of the Spanish-type groundnut genotypes, Barberton, Sodari, ICGV 89104, ICGV 86743, ICGV 86744 and ICG 221, aiming at increasing the chances of obtaining genotypes with the desired drought-tolerant traits. Mutants were selected from the M3 plants using visual morphological traits. Groundnut mutants at the M4 and M5 generations, advanced by single seed descent, were evaluated for end-of-season drought tolerance. A terminal drought period of 25 days was imposed after 60 days from planting, using a rainout shelter. Mutants that survived 25 days of terminal drought stress were further evaluated for agronomic performance under rainfed field conditions. The groundnut mutant, Barberton-b-30-3-B, produced 1024 kg/ha, a significantly higher mean pod yield over 12 seasons compared with 926 kg/ha for 'Gubeish', the widely grown released check cultivar, showing overall yield advantage of 11%. Under 5 years of participatory research, Barberton-b-30-3-B was ranked the best with yield increment of 21% over 'Gubeish' under the mother trials. The GGE biplot analysis for 12 and five seasons, respectively, showed that Barberton-b-30-3-B was stable and produced a good yield in both high and low rainfall situations. Hence, Barberton-b-30-3-B was found to be a suitable mutant for sustainable profitable yields in the marginal dry lands of North Kordofan State and was officially released as 'Tafra-1' by the National Variety Release Committee during its second meeting of April 2018.

scholarly journals Expansion of the Waste-Based Commodity Frontier: Insights from Sweden and Brazil

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jutta Gutberlet ◽  
Torleif Bramryd ◽  
Michael Johansson
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Energy Recovery ◽  
Waste Incineration ◽  
Global South ◽  
Waste To Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Sustainable Technologies ◽  
Slowing Down ◽  
The Impact

Waste is a valuable commodity and remains a livelihood source for waste pickers in the global South. Waste to Energy (WtoE) is often described as alternative to landfilling, as it provides cheap fuel while making waste disappear. In some European cities, this method has evolved into an impediment, slowing down the adoption of more sustainable technologies and waste prevention. These plants typically strain municipal budgets and provide fewer jobs than recycling and composting, thereby inhibiting the development of small-scale local recycling businesses. We applied the idea of ‘waste regime’ with an interdisciplinary and situated lens to provide insights to the following questions: How do different political developments in Brazil and Sweden, frame and reframe waste incineration and energy recovery, in the context of sustainability and waste management on local, regional and national levels? What forms of resistance against WtoE exist and what are the arguments of these protagonists? We evaluated the impact of WtoE and compare it with other waste management options with regard to CO2 balances and general environmental and social impacts. We conclude by suggesting more socially and environmentally appropriate ways of waste management, particularly for the context of global South cities.

scholarly journals Dynamic impacts of farm-level technology adoption on the Brazilian dairy supply chain

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andre Rozemberg Peixoto Simões ◽  
Charles Frederick Nicholson ◽  
Andrew M. Novakovic ◽  
Roberto Max Protil
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Potential Market ◽  
Farm Profitability ◽  
Supply Relationship ◽  
Short And Long Term ◽  
On Farm

Agricultural technology adoption that increases individual firm productivity is generally assumed to improve competitiveness and profitability. However, technology that is adopted by many firms in an industry can shift the basic supply relationship, increasing total production while lowering farm prices. While generally beneficial to consumers, this result can reduce (or completely offset) benefits for farmers, especially late or non-adopters. Our objective is to assess the market dynamics of alternative assumptions about exogenous productivity-enhancing technology adoption by Brazilian dairy farms. Of particular interest is the distributional impact on farm incomes and on the proportion of milk production for different farm size classes. To achieve this objective, we developed an empirical System Dynamics model that evaluates market and farm profitability impacts from 2006 to 2016. We simulated six counterfactual scenarios comprising three rates of adoption (slow, medium and fast) by two farm size categories (small and large). Technology adoption impact differs in the short- and long-term and depending on the assumed rates and farm sizes. Non-adopters of technology can experience lower incomes and a smaller production and income shares when other farms adopt. The underlying causal structure of farm profitability and the herd management decisions suffices to explain the potential market exclusion of non-adopting farms (especially small-scale farms) when others adopt.

scholarly journals Flax – the Perspective Crop for Fibre and Oil Manufacturing in Latvia

2006 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 252
Author(s):  
V. Stramkale ◽  
J. Sulojeva ◽  
R. Seržane ◽  
E. Januševskis ◽  
E. Gudriniece
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
National Economy ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Flax Straw

Flax has been of great importance in Latvia for a long time. It is a sources of raw materials of valuable products – fibre and oil for national economy. The total content of oil and fatty acids in the 42 sorts of linseed was determined. The use of pre-seeding biostimulators (microorganism metabolite – Germin, microelements copper, zinc and boron) resulted in positive changes in total contents of an oil and unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic and linolenic) in the linseed of following generation was determined. Under the influence of biostimulators an augmentation of the yield of flax straw for 8–21% in comparison with control was observed. The yield of linseed increased for 6–28%, correspondingly.

scholarly journals The content of copper, zinc, and nickel in the selected species of edible mushrooms

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-10
Author(s):  
Beata Kuziemska ◽  
Andrzej Wysokiński ◽  
Dawid Jaremko ◽  
Krzysztof Pakuła ◽  
Maria Popek ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Total Content ◽  
Atomic Emission ◽  
Average Content ◽  
Suillus Luteus ◽  
Inductively Coupled ◽  
Copper And Zinc ◽  
Microwave System ◽  
Copper Zinc ◽  
Total Average

Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the accumulation level of copper, zinc and nickel in forest mushrooms – Bay Bolete (Xerocomus badius), Saffron Milk Cap (Lactarius deliciosus), Rough-Stemmed Bolete (Leccinum scabrum), Slippery Jack (Suillus luteus) and Parasol Mushroom (Macrolepiota procera). The analysed mushrooms were obtained from growth forests located in the Masovian Voivodeship in the following counties: Siedlce, Sokołów, Łosice and Łuków. Total content of metals was determined using the method of atomic emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma, after the earlier mineralisation of materials ‘by dry combustion’ in a muffle furnace at the temperature of 450°C, and after melting of ash in a 10% solution of HCl. In the soil samples taken from the places where the tested mushrooms occur, pH in 1 mol KCl·dm-3 and total content of copper, zinc and nickel were determined by the ICP-AES method after earlier mineralization in mixture of concentration HCl and HNO3 (3:1) in a microwave system. Test results were statistically analysed with the use of software STATISTICA 12 PL (STATSOFT, TULSA, USA). The analysed mushrooms had diverse content of the determined metals. The highest total average content of copper and zinc was present in Bay Bolete: 34.83 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 155.50 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and the highest average content of nickel was contained in Rough-Stemmed Bolete – 2.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m.. The lowest average content of copper and zinc was determined in Rough-Stemmed Bolete: 11.98 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Cu and 91.90 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. for Zn, and lowest total average content of nickel was present in Bay Bolete – 1.05 mg ∙ kg-1d.m. No excessive accumulation of examined heavy metals was stated in the analysed mushrooms species.

scholarly journals Economic indicators of production of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small capacity dairies in Serbia

2020 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 283-296
Author(s):  
Dragan Milic ◽  
Danica Glavas-Trbic ◽  
Mirela Tomas-Simin ◽  
Vladislav Zekic ◽  
Tihomir Novakovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Milk Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Capacity

Animal husbandry has a longstanding tradition in Serbia, and the production of milk and dairy products has a rich legacy. Cow?s milk is used in the manufacture of all kinds of dairy products. Annual global cheese production is about 20 million tons, with cattle milk cheeses produced in large-scale processing plants constituting about 80% of that production. In Serbia, leaders of milk production are small family dairy farms, which contribute 92% of total production, while dairies with large capacity dominate in milk processing. There are 211 milk processing plants of varying capacities in Serbia. The largest amounts of milk are processed by dairy plants 'Imlek' and 'Subotica', while 188 small-scale dairies process 20% of total milk. The subject of this paper is the analysis of the economic indicators of production of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small-capacity dairies in Serbia. To determine the level and structure of production costs of dairy products, the analytical calculation method of per unit processing costs has been used. The study has revealed that the cost price of semi-hard and hard cheeses in small-capacity dairies amounts to 3.33 ?/kg. With 90.83% in the structure of total costs of processing the milk into cheese, the cost of raw materials has the largest share, followed by labor costs with 6.54%. For small-capacity dairies to be able to compete with larger dairies, both in product quality and price, it is crucial to continuously monitor and minimize production costs.

scholarly journals A survey in the design and control of automated guided vehicle systems

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-49
Author(s):  
A. P. Vancea ◽  
I. Orha
Keyword(s):  
Production System ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Automated Guided Vehicle ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Automatic Guided Vehicles ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
Vehicle Systems ◽  
And Control

Abstract Automatic guided vehicles (AGVs) play an important role in the small-scale industry as well as the largescale industry in handling materials inside factories from one place to another. In the last days, the materials to be handled are more numerous and as production and demand increase, it strongly influences the transport of materials in desperate need of a vehicle to distribute, position the materials within the industry. AGVs are generally installed with wires at ground level and signals are transmitted through them to be controlled. Due to the emergence of the AGV, the workload of the human being gradually decreased and the production efficiency increased. Thus, the need for an AGV has become more technologically important in the advanced robotic world. Normally, these systems are integrated into a global production system, where is a need to make direct changes in the design and planning of the floor store to get most of them. But in the rapidly changing production system and the adaptable floor store, the implementation of AGV has become very important and difficult, because it depends on many systems, such as wires, frequency, total production, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to develop an independent AGV, which can operate on its own and make decisions based on changes in the environment.

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN KULTUR ROTIFER DENGAN TANGKI VOLUME KECIL

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 139
Author(s):  
Philip Teguh Imanto
Keyword(s):  
Sea Water ◽  
Culture Media ◽  
Initial Density ◽  
High Density ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Total Production ◽  
Low Volume ◽  
Culture Container

Keberhasilan pembenihan ikan sangat dipengaruhi keberhasilan produksi jasad pakan rotifer secara tepat dan efisien. Penelitian kultur rotifer dengan tangki volume kecil bertujuan untuk mendapatkan efisiensi produksi yang paling optimal dan memenuhi prinsip dasar akuakultur low volume high density. Penelitian menggunakan tangki polyethylene dengan volume 500 L dan volume media awal 100 L, padat tebar awal 200 ind. rotifer per mL dengan sediaan pakan dasar fitoplankton Nannocloropsis occulata, ragi roti (0,05 g/mio.rot./feeding) dan suplemen Scott emulsion (0,005 g/mio.rot./feeding). Penelitian dilakukan secara bertahap; tahap pertama (I) tanpa penambahan air laut, peningkatan volume hanya dari penambahan 15 L Nannochloropsis tiap hari sampai hari kelima, tahap kedua (II) dengan penambahan alga 40 L dan air laut 40 L; serta tahap ketiga (III) dengan menggandakan pemberian ragi roti. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada percobaan tahap I: total produksi rata-rata 122,37 x 106 ind. rotifer, pada tahap II: 97,67 x 106 ind. rotifer, dan pada tahap III: dicapai rata-rata total produksi tertinggi dengan 187,17 x 106 ind. rotifer per tanki kultur 500 L. Pengelolaan kultur pada tahap III memberikan hasil terbaik dengan simpangan terkecil antar tangki kultur ulangan, dan membuktikan sebagai pengelolaan terbaik untuk kultur rotifer dengan tangki volume kecil. Success of marine seed production is highly influenced by effective and efficient production performance of life food rotifer. Observation on rotifer culture using small volume tank was aimed to get the optimum production and efficiency, to fulfill the basic principle of aquaculture “low volume high density”. Polyethylene tanks of 500 L. were used as culture container, with initial 100 liter sea water as culture medium and initial density of 200 ind. rotifer per mL. N. occulata, baker yeast (0.05 g/mio.rotifer/feeding) and Scott emulsion (0.005 g/mio.rotifer/feeding) were used as basic feed, and applied differently among three trials. First trial without seawater addition, increasing volume of culture media was only from 15 L. of N. occulata within 5 days culture, second trial was done with addition of seawater of 40 L and 40 L of N. occulata every day; and the last trial with twice dosage of baker yeast from trial I and II. The result showed that the average total production from the first trial was 122.37 x 106 ind. rotifer and the second trial was decreased to 97.67 x 106 ind. rotifer. Highest average total production was achieved by the last trial with 187.17 x 106 ind. rotifer per culture tank 500 L. Culture management on the third trial gave the best result with the lowest deviation among replication tanks, and proved as the best management practice for small-scale culture container.

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