scholarly journals Restauración de bosques en territorios indígenas de Chiapas: modelos ecológicos y estrategias de acción

2017 ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
Mario González-Espinosa ◽  
Neptalí Ramírez-Marcial ◽  
Angélica Camacho-Cruz ◽  
Silvia C. Holz ◽  
José María Rey-Benayas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Forest Resources ◽  
Research Development ◽  
Viable Option ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Appropriate Practices

Montane forests of southern Mexico have been severely fragmented and their structure and floristic composition have been altered because of traditional agriculture and population growth. In extensive areas of Chiapas, forest restoration is not only an urgent need, but it also represents a viable option for the recovery of products and services that could be used in the future in a sustainable way. Forest restoration should be based upon the understanding of basic ecological processes followed by the design of appropriate practices, and taking into account economic and social issues that may guide an adaptive approach of the action programs. Research, development, and outreach experiences spanning more than a decade lead us to suggest models for some of the ecological, technical, and social issues underlying the recovery, conservation, and rational use of forest resources

scholarly journals Elephant population growth in Kruger National Park, South Africa, under a landscape management approach

Koedoe ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam M. Ferreira ◽  
Cathy Greaver ◽  
Chenay Simms
Keyword(s):  
Population Growth ◽  
National Parks ◽  
National Park ◽  
Landscape Management ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Kruger National Park ◽  
Management Approach ◽  
Intensive Management ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Management Interventions

South African National Parks (SANParks) manage landscapes rather than numbers of elephants (Loxodonta africana) to mitigate the effects that elephants may have on biodiversity, tourism and stakeholder conservation values associated with protected areas. This management philosophy imposes spatial variability of critical resources on elephants. Restoration of such ecological processes through less intensive management predicts a reduction in population growth rates from the eras of intensive management. We collated aerial survey data since 1995 and conducted an aerial total count using a helicopter observation platform during 2015. A minimum of 17 086 elephants were resident in the Kruger National Park (KNP) in 2015, growing at 4.2% per annum over the last generation of elephants (i.e. 12 years), compared to 6.5% annual population growth noted during the intensive management era ending in 1994. This may come from responses of elephants to density and environmental factors manifested through reduced birth rates and increased mortality rates. Authorities should continue to evaluate the demographic responses of elephants to landscape scale interventions directed at restoring the limitation of spatial variance in resource distribution on elephant spatiotemporal dynamics and the consequences that may have for other conservation values.Conservation implications: Conservation managers should continue with surveying elephants in a way that allows the extraction of key variables. Such variables should focus on measures that reflect on how theory predicts elephants should respond to management interventions.

scholarly journals Floristic dissimilarity and indicator species of Araucaria Forest and ecotones.

FLORESTA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 497
Author(s):  
Silvana Manfredi ◽  
Juliano Pereira Gomes ◽  
Paula Iaschitzki Ferreira ◽  
Roseli Lopes da Costa Bortoluzzi ◽  
Adelar Mantovani
Keyword(s):  
Indicator Species ◽  
Forest Succession ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Permanent Plots ◽  
Forest Fragments ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Araucaria Forest ◽  
Native Grassland ◽  
Wetland Succession ◽  
Forest Boundary

A busca do conhecimento sobre a expansão das florestas em relação aos ecossistemas associados (campestre e banhado) aborda a presença de fatores ambientais como o fogo e o pastejo, frequentemente descritos como determinantes dos processos ecológicos favoráveis à dinâmica sucessional. Dessa forma, objetivou-se verificar se existem diferenças na composição florística do interior de fragmentos florestais e entre setores de transição floresta-campo e floresta-banhado, bem como identificar espécies indicadoras para cada um desses ambientes. O estudo foi realizado em fragmentos florestais situados nos municípios de Bom Jardim da Serra e Lages (Coxilha Rica), onde foram instaladas duas parcelas permanentes de 50x50 m, subdivididas em setores de 10x10 m, categorizados em três setores: Floresta Ombrófila Mista, transição floresta x campo e transição floresta x banhado. Há dissimilaridade florística entre os fragmentos florestais dos locais e, também, entre os setores de transição (ecótonos). As espécies indicadoras dos ecótonos estão vinculadas ao estágio inicial da sucessão florestal, apresentando potencial para colonização do campo, podendo atuar no início do processo de expansão da fronteira florestal.AbstractFloristic dissimilarity and indicator species of Araucaria Forest and ecotones. The search for knowledge about the expansion of forests in relation to associated ecosystems (native grassland and wetland) addresses the presence of environmental factors such as fire and grazing, often described as determinants of ecological processes in favor of succession dynamics. The objective here was to verify if there are differences among the floristic composition of the interior of forest fragments and transition sectors of forest-native grassland and forest-wetland, as well as to identify indicator species for each of these environments. The research was conducted in forest fragments located in the municipalities of Bom Jardim da Serra and Lages (Coxilha Rica), SC, where we installed two permanent plots of 50x50 m, subdivided into sectors of 10x10 m categorized into three sectors: Araucaria Forest, forest transition x native grassland and forest x wetland transition. There is floristic dissimilarity between the local forest fragments and also between the transition areas (ecotones). The indicator species of ecotones are linked to early stages of forest succession, with potential for colonization of the field, they can operate in the start of the expansion of the forest boundary process.Keywords: Araucaria Forest; native grassland; wetland; succession.

Floristic and structural contrasts between natural savannas and anthropogenic pastures in a tropical dry landscape

2007 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 181 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. I. López-Olmedo ◽  
J. A. Meave ◽  
E. A. Pérez-García
Keyword(s):  
Species Richness ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Southern Mexico ◽  
Deterioration Process ◽  
Isthmus Of Tehuantepec ◽  
Dominance Indices ◽  
Vegetation Samples ◽  
Severe Deterioration ◽  
Biological Differentiation ◽  
Sørensen Index

The magnitude of the biological differentiation between natural savannas and pastures (anthropogenic grasslands) coexisting in a single landscape, in terms of their floristic composition and community structure, was studied in the Nizanda region, Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Oaxaca State, southern Mexico. Vegetation samples of 15 m2 each were taken at 20 savanna and 11 pasture sites. Cover- and species richness-based diversity and dominance indices were calculated. Geomorphological and edaphic characteristics were also compared. Savannas generally occurred in hill summits with very shallow and stony, discontinuous and acidic soils; contrastingly, pastures were located in piedmonts and floodplains, with more neutral and less stony soils. Savanna sites differed from pasture sites in species richness and Shannon diversity. They did not differ in Simpson dominance index, but the identity of the dominant species was different in each community: Trachypogon spicatus (L.f.) Kuntze in savanna and Megathyrsus maximus (Jacq.) B.K.Simon et S.W.L.Jacobs in pasture. A low species-level similarity (Sørensen Index) was observed between them (8.2%), and genus-level similarity was only slightly higher (27.1%). The magnitude of the biological differentiation in both community floristics and structure between these two grass-dominated communities was larger than anticipated. Current management of savannas as pasture lands may potentially trigger a severe deterioration process involving both the landscape and its plant components.

scholarly journals Identification, Mapping and Ethnobotany of Plant Species in the Peruvian High Andean Wetlands: Stimulating Biodiversity Conservation Efforts towards Sustainability

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Jose Mostacero Leon ◽  
Helmut Yabar ◽  
Eloy Lopez Medina ◽  
William Zelada Estraver ◽  
Jordan De La Cruz Castillo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Botany ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Biological Data ◽  
Natural Habitats ◽  
Local Economies ◽  
The Andes ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Rich Flora ◽  
Purification Of Water

The high Andean wetlands of Peru provide not only the well-known ecosystem services such as water storage, flood mitigation, erosion control, and purification of water, but are also a source of income for local economies (as fodder), have medicinal properties, are a source of food, contribute to the development of ecotourism among many other uses. Economic and population growth have already damaged many parts of the high Andean wetlands including their rich flora. In order to promote the conservation of its diversity and unique flora, this study conducted extensive botanical explorations to identify and map the floristic composition of the high Andean wetlands of La Libertad, Peru, as well as their influence on local communities. The authors conducted explorations taking taxonomic, biogeographic and ethno biological data of the flora species as well as their therapeutic and economic botany. The study identified 64 species of flora distributed in 46 genera and 27 families including Asteraceae (with 8 species), Juncaceae (with 7 species), Poaceae (with 6 species), Cyperaceae (with 5 species), Licopodiaceae and Rosaceae (with 4 species each), Apiaceae, Gentianaceae, Orobanchaceae and Sphagnaceae (with 3 species each) and Poligonaceae (with 2 species). With reference to economic botany, it was found that 32.8% of species constitute resources with a very good economic benefit. The study concludes that it is imperative to take actions to protect the high Andean wetlands as they are ecosystems with great biodiversity. This study contribution expects to raise concerns regarding the increasing impact of economic and population growth on the loss of not only natural habitats but species as well. Conservation efforts will help protect the heritage of the Andes wetlands for future generations.

scholarly journals Floristic composition of Melastomataceae between reforested and natural areas in the Recife Atlantic Forest, Pernambuco, Brazil

Biotemas ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jefferson Rodrigues Maciel ◽  
Yuri de Souza Vieira Couceiro
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Floristic Composition ◽  
Forest Species ◽  
Fruit Morphology ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Forest Flora ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Family ◽  
The City

Local extinction of native Atlantic Forest flora species occurs mainly due to habitat fragmentation. Reforestation and natural regeneration can mitigate these factors. The present study attempts to understand whether floristic composition and dispersal processes are being reestablished in an area of lowland Atlantic Forest, eight years after its reforestation. The study area was an old pasture set between two urban fragments in the city of Recife that was reforested in 2011. Melastomataceae species were collected in this area and the morphology of their fruits was compared with the species of the family recorded in the adjacent fragments. Miconia prasina, M. albicans, M. affinis, Clidemia hirta, and C. capitellata have been found in the reforested area. Although there are species with larger fruits in the adjacent fragments, there was no statistically significant difference between the means of the two areas. The fruit morphology indicates that the species found in the area are dispersed by birds and small mammals. It is possible to conclude that the reforested area already presents the expected ecological processes for a corridor between two fragments. Thus, the two adjacent areas serve as vectors for the colonization of native Atlantic Forest species in the reforested area.

scholarly journals LITTERFALL PRODUCTION AS A FUNCTION OF PLANTING SEEDLINGS SYSTEM IN A TWO YEARS FOREST RESTORATION AREA IN THE COASTAL - PLAIN OF CARAGUATATUBA, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leda Lorenzo ◽  
Virgínia Hamer Campagnaro
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Rain Forest ◽  
Forest Restoration ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Pioneer Species ◽  
Litter Type ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Litterfall Production ◽  
Nutrients Cycling

ABSTRACT Seedlings plantation combining pioneer and non-pioneer species facilitates the restoration of ecological processes, such as litterfall production. Litterfall is fundamental to reestablish nutrient cycling and to recover soil fertility in early stages of restoration. This study evaluated litterfall production in a two-year forest restoration area (transitional rain forest: Restinga high forest - submontane rain forest) by comparing differences in litter production between seedlings plantation in rows (LI, 2x2m spacing) and in clusters (NU, 30x30cm spacing). Litterfall was collected monthly during 24 months in 62 plots (27 LI; 27 NU and 8 controls without plantation). Litterfall dry mass, litter fractions (leaves, twigs, reproductive and miscellaneous), dry mass from seedling material and dry mass from vegetation prior to the restoration were determined. Annual litter production was higher in restored plots (254.91 g.m-2) than in control ones (120.99 g.m-2) and there was no difference between rows (259.39 g.m-2) and clusters (250.59 g.m-2). There was substitution of the litter type with time, which was higher in restored than in control plots, but there was no difference between rows and clusters. Results indicated that: (1) planting seedlings facilitates litterfall recovery; (2) there is litter substitution as from the beginning of the restoration; and (3) planting seedlings in rows or clusters is equally efficient to restore litter production. In conclusion, planting seedlings leads to higher litter production and it could benefit the recovery of nutrients cycling in degraded areas, regardless of the disposition of seedlings in rows or clusters.

scholarly journals Rural–Urban Gradients and Human Population Dynamics

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Javier Montalvo ◽  
Enrique Ruiz-Labrador ◽  
Pablo Montoya-Bernabéu ◽  
Belén Acosta-Gallo
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Population Growth ◽  
Human Population ◽  
Population Growth Rate ◽  
Cultural Landscapes ◽  
Social Issues ◽  
Local Population ◽  
Population Mean ◽  
Management Interventions ◽  
Demographic Challenge

Rural–urban gradients offer an appropriate ecological framework for understanding relevant social issues to sustainability and policy planning. We tested the hypothesis that human population growth rate at a local scale is indirectly driven by spatial and rurality gradients, which can be applied to cultural landscapes in Mediterranean Europe. The whole of local administrative/spatial units of Spain—8125 municipalities—, previously classified into five categories along a rural–urban gradient, was used as a case study. Several geospatial patterns and associations among local average per capita population growth rate, population mean age, road accessibility, and other environmental and landscape variables linked to rurality gradients were identified by means of geographic information system (GIS) and multivariate statistics. Regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between population size changes through time and other demographic and territorial variables. Population growth rate was associated with road accessibility and rurality gradient, supporting the established hypothesis. Short-term population growth or decline was directly driven by population mean age. A visual hypothesized model of local population growth rate based on empirical evidence is presented. The results are useful for decision-makers, from local land management interventions to developing strategies and policies to address the demographic challenge.

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