scholarly journals Perspectival factors and pro-drop: A corpus study of speaker/addressee pronouns with creer ‘think/ believe’ and saber ‘know’ in spoken Spanish

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Herbeck
Keyword(s):  
Corpus Study ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
Overt Pronoun ◽  
Topic Shift ◽  
Cognitive Verbs ◽  
Embedded Clause ◽  
Peninsular Spanish ◽  
Phonetic Realization ◽  
Made In

This paper examines overt and covert speaker/addressee pronouns with the cognitive verbs creer ‘think/believe’ and saber ‘know’ in a corpus of spoken peninsular Spanish – the Madrid and Alcalá samples of PRESEEA (2014– ) – with a focus on 1st person singular (yo) creo que ‘(I) think that’. Departing from the observation made in the literature that overt pronouns are highly frequent with creer and that topic shift cannot account for all of them, it will be argued that perspectival factors related to evidentiality/epistemicity and subjectivity influence overt pronoun realization. A corpus study was conducted to investigate whether (i) [person] and [polarity] and (ii) the type of complement affect overt pronoun realization with the cognitive verbs creer and saber. The results indicate that the type of belief expressed in the embedded clause should be taken into account, as well as person and polarity. The ultimate trigger for phonetic realization of speaker/addressee pronouns will be argued to be the notion of contrast: cognitive verbs whose embedded complement encodes evaluations and non-visual, abstract information have high frequencies of overt pronoun realization because these contexts favor the evoking of alternative perspective holders. Overt pronouns will be analyzed as the result of a [+contrast] feature which is assigned to the specifier of a functional category encoding perspective in the split IP.

scholarly journals Prosodic effects on pronoun interpretation in Italian

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia White ◽  
Heather Goad ◽  
Jiajia Su ◽  
Liz Smeets ◽  
Marzieh Mortazavinia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Null Subjects ◽  
Null Subject ◽  
Null Pronouns ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
Overt Pronoun ◽  
Topic Shift ◽  
The Subject

In this paper we offer a prosodic account of some well-known L2 findings relating to discourse requirements on pronouns in null subject languages like Italian. Discourse plays a role in determining when a null or overt pronoun in acceptable: in biclausal sentences, null subjects are strongly preferred when the antecedent is the subject in another clause (-topic shift). Overt subjects, in contrast, imply a change of topic and a preference for non-subject antecedents. Carminati (2002) expresses this as the Position of Antecedent Hypothesis (PAH), a processing constraint whereby null pronouns prefer antecedents in Spec IP whereas overt pronouns prefer their antecedents to be elsewhere. Previous methodology used tasks where participants made judgments based on sentences they read to themselves, making it impossible to determine what prosody had been adopted. Our results suggest that there are prosodic effects on pronoun interpretation; hence, prosodic factors should be taken into consideration in future experiments.

Leveraging Glass Properties for Advanced Packaging

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (1) ◽  
pp. 000370-000374
Author(s):  
A.B. Shorey ◽  
Y.J. Lu ◽  
G.A. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Glass Forming ◽  
Cost Structures ◽  
Advanced Packaging ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Electrical Loss ◽  
Made In

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The most obvious advantage is given by the material properties. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust the coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks for both through glass vias (TGV) and carrier applications. Glass also gives advantages for developing cost effective solutions. Glass forming processes allow the potential to form both in panel format as well as at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current manufacturing methods. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. By utilizing the stiffness and adjustable CTE of glass substrates, as well as continuously reducing via size that can be made in a panel format, opportunities to manufacture glass TGV substrates in a panel format increase. We will provide an update on advancements in these areas as well as handling techniques to achieve desired process flows. We will also provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical reliability.

scholarly journals On word order variation and informationstructure in peninsular spanish and italian ‘why’-interrogatives

2021 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. e021025
Author(s):  
Svenja Schmid ◽  
Klaus Von Heusinger ◽  
Georg A. Kaiser
Keyword(s):  
Word Order ◽  
Information Structure ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
Corpus Study ◽  
Word Order Variation ◽  
High Preference ◽  
Parallel Text ◽  
Peninsular Spanish ◽  
Structural Category ◽  
The Impact

In this paper, we investigate the effect of information structure on word order in Italian and Peninsular Spanish ‘why’-interrogatives, and whether these two languages differ from each other. To this end, we conducted two empirical studies. In a parallel text corpus study, we compared the frequency of the word order patterns ‘why’SV and ‘why’VS, as well as the distribution of focal and non-focal subjects in the two languages. In order to get a deeper understanding of the impact of the information structural categories focus and givenness on word order in ‘why’-interrogatives, we conducted a forced-choice experiment. The results indicate that word order is affected by focus in Italian, while it is not determined by any information structural category in Peninsular Spanish. We show that Italian and Peninsular Spanish ‘why’-interrogatives differ from each other in two ways. First, non-focal subjects occur preverbally in Italian, while they occupy the postverbal position in Peninsular Spanish. Second, Italian reveals a lower level of optionality with respect to word order patterns. Even though we find a high preference for the postverbal position in Peninsular Spanish, we argue that this limitation is related to a higher flexibility regarding word order in Peninsular Spanish than in Italian which does not allows for ‘why’VSO in contrast to Peninsular Spanish.

Advancements in Glass for Packaging Applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001879-001892
Author(s):  
Kevin Adriance ◽  
Gene Smith ◽  
Aric Shorey ◽  
Rachel Lu ◽  
Gene Smith
Keyword(s):  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Glass Substrates ◽  
Glass Forming ◽  
Cost Structures ◽  
Advanced Packaging ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Electrical Loss ◽  
Made In

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The most obvious advantage is given by the material properties. As an insulator, glass has low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks for both through glass vias (TGV) and carrier applications. Glass also gives advantages for developing cost effective solutions. Glass forming processes allow the potential to both form in panel format as well as to at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to optimize or eliminate current manufacturing methods. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. Of particular interest is the ability to leverage tool sets and processes for panel fabrication to enable cost structures desired by the industry. By utilizing the stiffness and adjustable CTE of glass substrates, as well as continuously reducing via size that can be made in a panel format, opportunities to manufacture glass TGV substrates in a panel format increase. We will provide an update on advancements in these areas as well as handling techniques to achieve desired process flows. We will also provide the latest demonstrations of electrical, thermal and mechanical reliability.

scholarly journals How Chinese learners of L2 European Portuguese interpret null and overt pronouns in forward and backward anaphora

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 291-321
Author(s):  
Yi Zheng ◽  
Paula Luegi ◽  
Ana Madeira ◽  
Gabriela Matos
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Questionnaire Study ◽  
Developmental Effect ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
European Portuguese ◽  
Chinese Learners ◽  
Overt Pronoun ◽  
L1 Influence ◽  
The Subject

In a questionnaire study we investigate how native speakers of European Portuguese (EP) and Chinese, as well as Chinese learners of EP as second language (L2), interpret null and overt pronouns in forward and backward anaphora. Results show that EP native speakers exhibit different interpretative biases for null and overt pronominal subjects in both forward and backward anaphora. Chinese native speakers show similar interpretation in backward anaphora in their L1 but a subject preference with both null and overt pronouns in forward anaphora conditions. Chinese learners of L2 EP present an overall preference to interpret both pronouns as referring to the subject referent, although there is a developmental effect towards the target interpretation in overt pronoun backward anaphora conditions. Results confirm previous studies in L2 EP (Madeira et al., 2012; Lobo et al., 2017), but add the possibility that this pattern may be explained by L1 influence.------------------------------------------------------------------------------COMO OS APRENDIZES CHINESES DO PORTUGUÊS EUROPEU L2 INTERPRETAM OS PRONOMES NULOS E CLAROS NA ANÁFORA PARA FRENTE E PARA TRÁSNum estudo de questionário investigamos como os falantes nativos do Português Europeu (PE) e do chinês, bem como os aprendentes chineses que adquirem PE como língua segunda (L2), interpretam pronomes nulos e plenos em condições de anáfora e de catáfora. Os resultados mostram que os falantes nativos de PE exibem diferentes interpretações para sujeitos pronominais nulos e plenos tanto em anáfora como em catáfora. Os falantes nativos de Chinês mostram uma interpretação semelhante em catáfora na sua L1, mas preferem como antecedente o sujeito para pronome nulo e pleno nas condições de anáfora. Os aprendentes chineses de PE L2 preferem interpretar ambos os pronomes como referindo-se a um antecedente sujeito. No entanto, na condição de catáfora com pronome pleno, existe um efeito de desenvolvimento para a interpretação-alvo. Os resultados confirmam os estudos anteriores em PE L2 (Madeira et al. 2012; Lobo et al. 2017) e adicionam a possibilidade de explicar a interpretação na L2 por influência da L1.---Original em inglês.

What does and doesn’t affect L2 overt pronoun production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marisa Nagano
Keyword(s):  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Total Rate ◽  
Argument Position ◽  
Overt Pronouns ◽  
Overt Pronoun ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Corpus Data ◽  
L1 And L2

Abstract This study examined corpus data from learners of Japanese whose L1s are English, Korean, and Mandarin (as well as native-speaker Japanese controls), in order to investigate the effect of two separate (but sometimes conflated) potential influences on overt pronoun production in the L2: (i) whether or not the L1 is a topic-drop language (like Japanese), and (ii) the properties of overt pronouns in the L1 compared to those of Japanese. In order to investigate (i), the rate of overt pronoun use in topic/argument position for all three learner groups was tabulated and compared to that of native speakers. In order to investigate (ii), total rate of overt pronoun use in all positions was tabulated, as well as the type of case-/discourse-marking particles that accompanied overt pronouns in each learner group, compared to native speakers. Results show no influence of L1 topic-drop status, but some influence of L1 overt pronoun properties, in the form of (a) interactions between the morphosyntax of pronouns and broader DP/NP structure in the L1 and L2, and (b) shared discourse properties of the overt pronoun in the L1 and L2.

Advancements in Through Glass Via (TGV) Technology

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 001343-001363
Author(s):  
Aric Shorey ◽  
Rachel Lu ◽  
Scott Pollard ◽  
Ekatarina Kuksenkova ◽  
Gene Smith
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mechanical Reliability ◽  
Fabrication Technology ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Advanced Packaging ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Electrical Loss ◽  
Made In

Glass provides many opportunities for advanced packaging. The material properties give many opportunities. As an insulator, glass provides advantages in providing low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion gives advantages to manage warp in glass core substrates and bonded stacks. Forming processes allow the potential to both form in panel format as well as to form at thicknesses as low as 100 um, giving opportunities to provide cost-effective solutions for the industry. Via fabrication technology development continues to advance providing via diameters < 20 um in size in production ready environment. [1–5] As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and via/surface metallization. We will provide an update on advancements in these areas as well as handling techniques to achieve desired process flows. There also continues to be increasing amounts of data showing the ability to achieve electrical and thermo-mechanical reliability of substrates with TGV and latest data here will also be provided.

Glass Solutions for Packaging and IoT

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (1) ◽  
pp. 000473-000476
Author(s):  
Rachel Lu ◽  
Aric Shorey
Keyword(s):  
Technology Development ◽  
Coefficient Of Thermal Expansion ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Advanced Packaging ◽  
Downstream Processes ◽  
Semiconductor Packaging ◽  
Electrical Loss ◽  
Made In

Abstract The interest in glass as a semiconductor packaging material has continually grown over the past several years. Glass, and its material properties, provides many opportunities for application in advanced packaging. As an insulator, glass is well-suited due to its low electrical loss, particularly at high frequencies. The relatively high stiffness and ability to adjust coefficient of thermal expansion gives the opportunity to better manage warp in glass core substrates as well as bonded stacks, either in carrier or interposer applications. Forming processes allow the potential to both manufacture in a panel format as well as at thicknesses as low as 100 um. Both of these give real opportunity to provide cost-effective packaging solutions. Via fabrication technology development continues to advance providing via diameters < 20 um in size in a production ready environment. As the industry adopts glass solutions, significant advancements have been made in downstream processes such as glass handling and both via and surface metallization. Additionally, data showing the ability to achieve electrical and thermo-mechanical reliability is readily available. Here we provide the latest data on reliability and new product applications for glass-based solutions.

Minimization of energy losses into a PWM Chopper

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 513-519
Author(s):  
Abdelouahab Zaatri ◽  
Norelhouda Azzizi ◽  
Fouad Rahmani
Keyword(s):  
Pulse Width Modulation ◽  
Power Supplies ◽  
Switching Frequency ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Switching Power ◽  
Residual Noise ◽  
Switching Losses ◽  
The One ◽  
Made In

This paper initially presents the results of the analysis of a non linear on/off control system which is capable of generating a pulse width modulation (PWM). This technique can be used to design PWM choppers that can be dedicated to regulate fluctuating power supplies (photovoltaic, wind turbines, etc.). However, since the PWM losses mainly depend on the switching frequency, thus, the determination of an optimal frequency is required. Indeed, on the one hand, we seek to operate at high frequencies to reduce the residual noise by filtering. On the other hand, there is a limitation of the switching frequency due to the physical switching elements properties. Therefore, a compromise has to be made in order to determine an optimal switching frequency that minimizes the switching power losses. The main objective of this work is to present a technique that enables to sizing the chopper parameters based on the minimizing of the switching losses. An illustrative example of the proposed technique for sizing a PWM chopper is presented.

Temporal Analysis in Children

1993 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Grose ◽  
Joseph W. Hall ◽  
Carol Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Resolution ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
Temporal Information ◽  
Temporal Acuity ◽  
Low Frequencies ◽  
High Frequencies ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Comodulation Masking Release ◽  
Period Pattern ◽  
Made In

This study investigated the development of temporal resolution as a function of frequency region using a modified masking period pattern paradigm. This paradigm also allowed age-dependent comparisons of within-channel (temporal resolution) versus across-channel (comodulation masking release [CMR]) processing of temporal information to be made in the same listeners. The results indicated that temporal resolution improves with age. At low frequencies, this improvement continues beyond 10 years of age, whereas at high frequencies performance approaches adult levels by about age 6. Although it is reasonable to expect an association between CMR and temporal acuity, the measure of CMR did not show a significant age effect. The possibility was raised that the poorer temporal resolution of children may not reflect simply a deficiency in peripheral processing of temporal information.

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