Is crop breeding the first step to fill the yield gap?

Sécheresse ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippe Monneveux ◽  
Oscar Ortiz ◽  
Othmane Merah
Keyword(s):  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Yield Gap

RESULTS OF COOPERATION BETWEEN BREEDERS OF DIFFERENT INSTITUTIONS IN CREATION OF NEW GENERATION APPLE TREE

1970 ◽  
pp. 46-49
Author(s):  
Е. N. Sedov ◽  
T. V. Yanchuk ◽  
S. А. Korneeva ◽  
L. I. Dutova ◽  
Е. V. Ulianovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Selection Process ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Joint Work ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Scientific Center ◽  
The North ◽  
State Register ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
Apple Cultivars ◽  
New Generation

The experience in cooperation of breeders of different institutions in creating cultivars is shown. It is not always when the breeding institution has the necessary initial forms for selection. In this regard, there is a need to conduct separate stages of selection in different breeding institutions. For this purpose, a provision on authorship and continuity in the integrated work of several institutions in fruit breeding has been developed (Program and methods of fruit, berry and nut crop breeding. Annex. – Orel, 1995. – pp. 492-498). Breeding work of the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding (VNIISPK) and North Caucasian Federal Scientific Center of Horticulture, Viticulture, Winemaking can serve as a positive experience of creating new apple cultivars by two institutions. As a result of the joint work of these two institutions, 22 apple cultivars have been created, of which 9 have already been included in the state register of breeding achievements approved for use (zoned), including three cultivars for the conditions of the Middle zone of Russia – Aleksandr Boiko, Maslovskoye and Yablochny Spas and six cultivars for the conditions of the North Caucasus – Vasilisa, Karmen, Margo, Orfey, Soyuz and Talisman. Brief economical and biological characteristics of these cultivars are given in this paper. The obtained practical results indicate that in some cases, when creating modern cultivars that meet the requirements of production, it is necessary to use the knowledge of breeders, the source material and equipment of different breeding institutions, and carry out separate stages of the selection process in different institutions.

Peculiarities of the juvenile period of the native Chechen genotypes of willow leaf pear (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
E. A. Dolmatov ◽  
R. B. Borzayev ◽  
A. N. Shaipov
Keyword(s):  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Common ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Creative Cooperation

The results of the study of the duration of the juvenile period of indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.) are given in connection with the acceleration of the breeding process and the use of selected forms in pear breeding for high precocity. The studies were carried out in 2016-2019 at OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” in accordance with the Agreement on creative cooperation with the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The work was carried out in accordance with generally accepted programs and methods. The objects of the study were one-year and two-year-old pear seedlings obtained from sowing seeds of selected dwarf and low-growing local Chechen forms of willow pear (P. salicifolia Pall.), laying fruit buds on annual growths and seedlings of Caucasian pear (P. caucasica Fed.), 20 500 pcs. of each specie. The aim of the research was to study the potential of precocity of willow pear seedlings and to reveal of selected forms with the greatest degree of this trait. Stratified seeds were sown in the sowing department of the OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” production nursery in April, 2017. The seedlings were grown according to the common technology in dryland conditions on the plot with chestnut soil. The first fl owering of plants was noted in the spring, 2019. As a result of the research, for the first time on a large number of the experimental material it was found that in the off spring of the indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes, the selection of a little more than 2% of seedlings with a very short juvenile period (2 years) was possible. They are of great interest in accelerating the breeding process and in the selection of new pear varieties with high precocity. 20 willow leaf pear genotypes were selected for the further use in breeding for high precocity and as sources of the trait of short juvenile period.

Laboratory Exercise on the Segregation of Flower Color and Related Genes Using Salpiglossis sinuata

HortScience ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 555b-555
Author(s):  
Chiwon W. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Expression ◽  
Pollen Grains ◽  
Flower Color ◽  
Segregation Ratio ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Flower Opening ◽  
Pigmentation Pattern ◽  
Laboratory Exercise ◽  
Demonstration Plant ◽  
Corolla Color

Velvet flower (Salpiglossis sinuata, Solanaceae) can be used as an excellent demonstration plant for horticultural crop breeding classes. Salpiglossis produces large trumpet-like flowers exhibiting an assortment of corolla color and pigmentation pattern. The pistil is large (3 to 4 cm long) with a sticky stigmatal tip and anthers can be easily emasculated prior to anthesis. The large pollen grains are shed in tetrads, which can be separated and individually placed on the stigma. It takes 8 to 9 weeks from seeding to blooming, with a prolific flowering cycle repeated in flushes. Numerous seeds (about 750/capsule) are obtained in 3 weeks after self- or cross-pollination. The influences of three genes that control flower color and pigmentation pattern can be conveniently demonstrated with their dominant and recessive alleles. The R gene controls flower color with red (RR or Rr) being dominant over yellow (rr) flower color. The D gene controls the density of pigmentation with solid (DD or Dd) color being dominant over dilute (dd) color. Corolla color striping is controlled by the St gene with striped (stst) being recessive to non-striped (StSt or Stst) pattern. For example, by using diploid lines of genotypes RRDD (red, solid), RRdd (red, dilute), or rrdd (yellow, dilute) and their crosses, students can easily learn a dominant phenotypic expression in the F1 hybrid and the digenic 9:3:3:1 segregation ratio in the F2 progeny. Another gene (C) that controls flower opening can also be used to show its influence on cleistogamous (closed, self-pollinated, CC or Cc) versus normal chasmogamous (open-pollinated, cc) corolla development. In addition, the induction and use of polyploid (4X, 3X) plants in plant breeding can be effectively demonstrated using this species.

scholarly journals Assessing Opportunities to Increase Yield and Profit in Rainfed Lowland Rice Systems in Indonesia

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 777
Author(s):  
Erythrina Erythrina ◽  
Arif Anshori ◽  
Charles Y. Bora ◽  
Dina O. Dewi ◽  
Martina S. Lestari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Best Management Practices ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Nutrient Management ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Rice Yield ◽  
Information Access ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Dry Season ◽  
Rice Production ◽  
Yield Gap

In this study, we aimed to improve rice farmers’ productivity and profitability in rainfed lowlands through appropriate crop and nutrient management by closing the rice yield gap during the dry season in the rainfed lowlands of Indonesia. The Integrated Crop Management package, involving recommended practices (RP) from the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development (IAARD), were compared to the farmers’ current practices at ten farmer-participatory demonstration plots across ten provinces of Indonesia in 2019. The farmers’ practices (FP) usually involved using old varieties in their remaining land and following their existing fertilizer management methods. The results indicate that improved varieties and nutrient best management practices in rice production, along with water reservoir infrastructure and information access, contribute to increasing the productivity and profitability of rice farming. The mean rice yield increased significantly with RP compared with FP by 1.9 t ha–1 (ranges between 1.476 to 2.344 t ha–1), and net returns increased, after deducting the cost of fertilizers and machinery used for irrigation supplements, by USD 656 ha–1 (ranges between USD 266.1 to 867.9 ha–1) per crop cycle. This represents an exploitable yield gap of 37%. Disaggregated by the wet climate of western Indonesia and eastern Indonesia’s dry climate, the RP increased rice productivity by 1.8 and 2.0 t ha–1, with an additional net return gain per cycle of USD 600 and 712 ha–1, respectively. These results suggest that there is considerable potential to increase the rice production output from lowland rainfed rice systems by increasing cropping intensity and productivity. Here, we lay out the potential for site-specific variety and nutrient management with appropriate crop and supplemental irrigation as an ICM package, reducing the yield gap and increasing farmers’ yield and income during the dry season in Indonesia’s rainfed-prone areas.

scholarly journals High-throughput phenotyping: breaking through the bottleneck in future crop breeding

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Song ◽  
Jinglu Wang ◽  
Xinyu Guo ◽  
Wanneng Yang ◽  
Chunjiang Zhao
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
High Throughput Phenotyping

Yield Gap Assessment in Rice-Grown Fields Using CPA and BLA Approaches in Northern Iran

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahbubeh Yousefian ◽  
Afshin Soltani ◽  
Salman Dastan ◽  
Hossein Ajamnoroozie
Keyword(s):  
Yield Gap ◽  
Northern Iran

scholarly journals Wheat yield gaps across smallholder farming systems in Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
João Vasco Silva ◽  
Pytrik Reidsma ◽  
Frédéric Baudron ◽  
Moti Jaleta ◽  
Kindie Tesfaye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Frontier Analysis ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
Wheat Yield ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Smallholder Farming ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Frontier Analysis ◽  
Ecological Zones ◽  
Relative Contribution ◽  
Yield Gaps

AbstractWheat yields in Ethiopia need to increase considerably to reduce import dependency and keep up with the expected increase in population and dietary changes. Despite the yield progress observed in recent years, wheat yield gaps remain large. Here, we decompose wheat yield gaps in Ethiopia into efficiency, resource, and technology yield gaps and relate those yield gaps to broader farm(ing) systems aspects. To do so, stochastic frontier analysis was applied to a nationally representative panel dataset covering the Meher seasons of 2009 and 2013 and crop modelling was used to simulate the water-limited yield (Yw) in the same years. Farming systems analysis was conducted to describe crop area shares and the availability of land, labour, and capital in contrasting administrative zones. Wheat yield in farmers’ fields averaged 1.9 t ha− 1 corresponding to ca. 20% of Yw. Most of the yield gap was attributed to the technology yield gap (> 50% of Yw) but narrowing efficiency (ca. 10% of Yw) and resource yield gaps (ca. 15% of Yw) with current technologies can nearly double actual yields and contribute to achieve wheat self-sufficiency in Ethiopia. There were small differences in the relative contribution of the intermediate yield gaps to the overall yield gap across agro-ecological zones, administrative zones, and farming systems. At farm level, oxen ownership was positively associated with the wheat cultivated area in zones with relatively large cultivated areas per household (West Arsi and North Showa) while no relationship was found between oxen ownership and the amount of inputs used per hectare of wheat in the zones studied. This is the first thorough yield gap decomposition for wheat in Ethiopia and our results suggest government policies aiming to increase wheat production should prioritise accessibility and affordability of inputs and dissemination of technologies that allow for precise use of these inputs.

scholarly journals Yield gap and resource utilization efficiency of three major food crops in the world – A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 349-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liang-bing RONG ◽  
Kai-yuan GONG ◽  
Feng-ying DUAN ◽  
Shao-kun LI ◽  
Ming ZHAO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Utilization ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Food Crops ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Major Food ◽  
The World ◽  
Resource Utilization Efficiency

scholarly journals Methodology of Analyzing Maize Density Loss in Smallholder’s Fields and Potential Optimize Approach

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 480
Author(s):  
Zhichao An ◽  
Chong Wang ◽  
Xiaoqiang Jiao ◽  
Zhongliang Kong ◽  
Wei Jiang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Food Security ◽  
Zea Mays L ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
Density Difference ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Farmer Decision Making ◽  
Yield Gaps ◽  
Farmer Survey ◽  
Experimental Plots

Increasing plant density is a key measure to close the maize (Zea mays L.) yield gap and ensure food security. However, there is a large plant density difference in the fields sown by agronomists and smallholders. The primary cause of this phenomenon is the lack of an effective methodology to systematically analyze the density loss. To identify the plant density loss processes from experimental plots to smallholder fields, a research methodology was developed in this study involving a farmer survey and measurements in a smallholder field. The results showed that the sowing density difference caused by farmer decision-making and plant density losses caused by mechanical and agronomic factors explained 15.5%, 5.5% and 6.8% of the plant density difference, respectively. Changing smallholder attitudes toward the value of increasing the plant density could help reduce this density loss and increase farm yields by 12.3%. Therefore, this methodology was effective for analyzing the plant density loss, and to clarify the primary causes of sowing density differences and plant density loss. Additionally, it was beneficial to identify the priorities and stakeholders who share responsibility for reducing the density loss. The methodology has wide applicability to address the sowing density differences and plant density loss in other areas to narrow crop yield gaps and ensure food security.

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