scholarly journals Respective roles of H-ATPase and H-K-ATPase in ion transport in the kidney.

1991 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 949-960
Author(s):  
L C Garg
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Renal Tubular Cells ◽  
Nephron Segments ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Almost All

Two types of proton-translocating ATPases, H-ATPase and H-K-ATPase, are found in the renal tubular cells. H-ATPase is present in both endocytic vesicles and apical membranes in almost all nephron segments. On the other hand, H-K-ATPase is present only in the connecting tubule and collecting duct. There is evidence to suggest that H-ATPase may be involved in H secretion in almost all nephron segments. H-K-ATPase is involved not only in H secretion but also in K absorption in the collecting duct segments. Aldosterone administration and metabolic acidosis stimulate the activity of H-ATPase in all collecting duct segments, whereas hypokalemia has only a limited effect on H-ATPase activity. On the other hand, hypokalemia, as well as metabolic acidosis, stimulates H-K-ATPase activity in the collecting duct segments, whereas aldosterone administration alone plays a minor role in the regulation of this enzyme. The physiological role and regulation of H-ATPase in the proximal tubule has not been established.

Starość w nauczaniu św. Bazylego Wielkiego

Vox Patrum ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 56 ◽  
pp. 339-348
Author(s):  
Bogdan Czyżewski
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Spiritual Maturity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Interesting Aspect ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Physical Suffering ◽  
Way Of Thinking ◽  
Almost All

Although St. Basil did not live 50 years, the topic of the old age appears in his works quite often. On the other hand, it is clear that Basil does not discuss this issue in one par­ticular work or in the longer argumentation. The fragmentary statements about old age can be found in almost all his works, but most of them can be found in the correspondence of Basil. In this paper we present the most important ad the most interesting aspect of teach­ing of Basil the Great. As these certificates show that the bishop of Caesarea looked at the old age maturely, rationally estimated passage of time, which very often makes a man different. He experienced it, for example as a spiritual and physical suffering, which often were connected with his person. He saw a lot of aspect of the old age, especially its advan­tages – spiritual maturity and wisdom. What is more, he pointed also to passage of time, which leads a man to eternity, which should be prepared to, regardless how old he is. In his opinion fear is not seen opinions of St. Basil present really Christian way of thinking, well-balanced and calm.

Dependency of Microdissected Nephron Segments upon Oxidative Phosphorylation and Exogenous Substrates: A Relationship between Tubular Anatomical Location in the Kidney and Metabolic Activity

1989 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
pp. 287-295 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shozo Torikai
Keyword(s):  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Anatomical Location ◽  
Thick Ascending Limb ◽  
Tubular Cells ◽  
Renal Tubular Cells ◽  
Nephron Segments ◽  
Henle's Loop ◽  
Renal Tubular ◽  
Substrate Deprivation ◽  
Exogenous Substrates

1. In order to examine the possibility of heterogeneity in the dependence of renal tubular cells upon oxidative phosphorylation and exogenous substrates, the effects of antimycin A and substrate deprivation on adenosine 5′-triphosphate (ATP) content were examined in isolated rat nephron segments in vitro at 37°C. 2. Antimycin A (5 μmol/l) caused varying decrements in cell ATP level within 5 min in the following order: proximal tubules > cortical thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (cTAL) > cortical collecting duct (cCD) in the cortex, and thin descending limb of Henle's loop (TDL) > medullary thick ascending limb of Henle's loop (mTAL) > outer medullary collecting duct (omCD) in the inner stripe of the outer medulla. In the thick ascending limb and the collecting duct, the segments located in the cortex were more sensitive than those in the medulla. 3. Substrate deprivation for 30 min markedly decreased the cell ATP content in cortical and medullary proximal tubules and also in medullary TDL, whereas it caused only a slight decrease in cTAL and mTAL with no change in cCD and omCD. 4. Media made hypertonic by the addition of 200 mmol/l NaCl under aerobic conditions, increased the requirement for exogenous substrates in TDL and mTAL, but not in omCD. This stimulation was seen to a lesser extent in media made hypertonic by the addition of mannitol instead of NaCl. 5. Taking into consideration a knowledge of rat kidney architecture and intrarenal gradient of oxygen partial pressure, it is likely that the observed dependency upon both oxygen and exogenous substrates in the renal tubular cells reflects adaptation of such cells to their anatomical location, and to the availability of those substances in situ. Furthermore, extracellular sodium concentration and osmolarity stimulate metabolic requirements to a different extent among the nephron segments.

Resolving the Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866) complex with remarks on the monophyletic status of Louriniidae, Monard 1927 (Copepoda: Harpacticoida)

Zootaxa ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5051 (1) ◽  
pp. 346-386
Author(s):  
SÜPHAN KARAYTUĞ ◽  
SERDAR SAK ◽  
ALP ALPER ◽  
SERDAR SÖNMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Evaluation ◽  
Species Complex ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
The Other ◽  
Phylogenetic Position ◽  
Nicobar Island ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Family ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Almost All

An attempt was made to test if Lourinia armata (Claus, 1866)—as it is currently diagnosed—represents a species complex. Detailed examination and comparisons of several specimens collected from different localities suggest that L. armata indeed represents a complex of four closely related morphospecies that can be differentiated from one another by only detailed observations. One of the four species is identified as Lourinia aff. armata and the other three species are described as new to science and named as Lourinia wellsi sp. nov., L. gocmeni sp. nov., and L. aldabraensis sp. nov. Detailed review of previous species records indicates that the genus Lourinia Wilson, 1924 is distributed worldwide. Ceyloniella nicobarica Sewell, 1940, originally described from Nicobar Island and previously considered a junior subjective synonym of L. armata is reinstated as Lourinia nicobarica (Sewell, 1940) comb. nov. on the basis of the unique paddle-shaped caudal ramus seta V. It is postulated that almost all of these records are unreliable in terms of representing true Lourinia aff. armata described herein. On the other hand, the comparative evaluation of the illustrations and descriptions in the published literature indicates the presence of several new species waiting to be discovered in the genus Lourinia.                 It has been determined that, according to updated modern keys, the recent inclusion of the monotypic genus Archeolourinia Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 in the Louriniidae is not justified since Archeolourinia shermani Corgosinho & Schizas, 2013 does not belong to this family but should be assigned to the Canthocamptidae. On the other hand, it has been argued that the exact phylogenetic position of the Louriniidae still remains problematic since none of the diagnostic characters supports the monophyly of the family within the Oligoarthra. It has also been argued that the close relationship between Louriniidae and Canthocamptidae is supported since both families share the homologous sexual dimorphism (apophysis) on P3 endopod. The most important characteristic that can possibly be used to define Louriniidae is the reduction of maxilliped.  

scholarly journals STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION OF USING “DICTIONARY POCKET” AS A MEDIUM TO IMPROVE THEIR VOCABULARY MASTERY

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 319
Author(s):  
Titi Mariah ◽  
Yanti Yusanti ◽  
Ula Nisa El Fauziah
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Second Grade ◽  
Learning To Read ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Descriptive Method

Vocabulary known as an essential skill for learning to read, speak, write and listen. It is important to find the appropriate technique in order to improve students’ vocabulary mastery. The researchers did research with focuses on students’ perception towards using “dictionary pocket” in order to improve their vocabulary mastery. It was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method. To collect the data, the researchers use the instruments of an open-ended questionnaire and interview section. The samples were 36 students of second grade from Broadcasting major at SMK Negeri 1 Cimahi. The result of the questionnaire shows that it was found that almost all of the students feel that with learn vocabulary can be easier when they use the technique of remembering dictionary pocket. They also agree that dictionary pocket is an appropriate technique which is used to learn vocabulary. In the other hand, the result of interview shows, the students concede that they are feel helped and being motivated. It can be sum up that dictionary pocket is suitable to strengthen their vocabulary mastery. Dictionary pocket is useful enough because it can help them when they forget the word.

Trypanosoma cruzi Epimastigotes Express the Ouabain-and Vanadate-Sensitive (Na++K+)ATPase Activity

1998 ◽  
Vol 53 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1049-1054 ◽  
Author(s):  
Celso Caruso-Neves ◽  
Marcelo Einicker-Lamas ◽  
Carlos Chagas ◽  
Mecia Maria Oliveira ◽  
Adalberto Vieyra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Atpase Activity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
P Type

Abstract The presence of (Na++K+)ATPase activity in CL14 clone and NIH NTY strain of Trypano­soma cruzi epimastigotes is demonstrated. A Na+ plus K+ stimulated ATPase activity is found in both strains. The optimal Na+/K+ ratio is 5:1 and 9:1 in CL14 clone and NIH NTY strain, respectively. In both strains, vanadate completely inhibits the ouabain-sensitive ATPase activ­ity indicating that it belongs to the P-type (E 1/E2) family of ion-transporting ATPases. The I50 for vanadate is 0.66 ± 0.04 and 0.04 ± 0.02 μᴍ in CL14 clone and NIH NTY strain, respectively. These data indicate that both strains of T. cruzi epimastigotes express the oua­ bain-and vanadate-sensitive (Na++K+)ATPase activity. On the other hand, the discrepancy between the parameters analyzed for the inhibitors suggests that they express different iso­ forms of this enzyme.

scholarly journals Carbonic anhydrase II and IV mRNA in rabbit nephron segments: stimulation during metabolic acidosis

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (2) ◽  
pp. F259-F267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuichi Tsuruoka ◽  
Ann M. Kittelberger ◽  
George J. Schwartz
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Proximal Tubules ◽  
Rabbit Kidney ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Nephron Segments ◽  
Medullary Collecting Duct

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) facilitates renal bicarbonate reabsorption and acid excretion. Cytosolic CA II catalyzes the buffering of intracellular hydroxyl ions by CO2, whereas membrane-bound CA IV catalyzes the dehydration of carbonic acid generated from the secretion of protons. Although CA II and IV are expressed in rabbit kidney, it is not entirely clear which segments express which isoforms. It was the purpose of this study to characterize the expression of CA II and CA IV mRNAs by specific segments of the nephron using semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and to determine the effect of chronic metabolic acidosis on CA expression by those segments. Individual nephron segments (usually 1–2 mm) were isolated by microdissection and subjected to RT-PCR. Amplification was performed simultaneously for CA IV, CA II, and malate dehydrogenase (MDH), a housekeeping gene. The intensities of the PCR products were quantitated by densitometry. CA IV mRNA was expressed by S1 and S2 proximal tubules and by outer medullary collecting duct from inner stripe (OMCDi) and outer stripe and initial inner medullary collecting duct (IMCDi). CA II mRNA was expressed by S1, S2, and S3 proximal tubules, thin descending limb, connecting segment (CNT), and all collecting duct segments. Acid loading induced CA IV mRNA expression in S1 and S2 proximal tubules and in OMCDi and IMCDi. CA II mRNA was induced by acidosis in all three proximal segments and nearly all distal segments beginning with CNT. No upregulation of MDH mRNA expression occurred. These adaptive increases in CA II and IV mRNAs are potentially important in the kidney’s adaptation to chronic metabolic acidosis.

Effets de la coupe à blanc et de la coupe par bandes sur la régénération obtenue après 5 ans dans des pessières noires du Québec

1995 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pierre Pominville ◽  
Jean-Claude Ruel
Keyword(s):  
Black Spruce ◽  
Spruce Budworm ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
The Other ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Clear Cutting ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Coupe À Blanc

An experiment was conducted to compare the effects of traditional clear-cutting with those of strip cutting on regeneration of black spruce, Piceamariana (Mill.) B.S.P., stands on scarified and unscarified uplands and on lowlands. To that effect, regeneration surveys were done before cutting, in the following year, and 3 and 5 years after cutting. Five years after harvesting, strip cutting led to higher coniferous stocking than clear-cutting on scarified uplands and on lowlands. On unscarified uplands, the gain attributable to strip cutting was not significant. The coniferous stocking of strip cuts on scarified uplands was not greater than on unscarified uplands. So the efficiency of scarification could not be proved in that study. Stocking obtained after 5 years remained closely related to the one observed immediately after harvesting in the strip cufs as in the clear-cuttings. This is particularly true for balsam fir, Abiesbalsamea (L.) Mill. In the strip cuts, the balsam fir stocking was constant while the one of black spruce increased. This could have an impact on the evolution of the composition of the new stands and, consequently, on their vulnerability to spruce budworm, Choristoneurafumiferana (Clem.). The majority of the clear-cuttings were well regenerated 5 years after harvesting. Their average coniferous stocking was slightly above 60%. However, 48% of the clear-cuttings did not reach this level when only unscarified plots on uplands were considered. Advance growth was abundant in those plots but suffered high losses during harvesting. Consequently, reducing the losses during harvesting would result in a lower proportion of clear-cuttings with insufficient coniferous stocking 5 years after cutting. On the other hand, almost all the strip cuts with insufficient regeneration after harvesting were well regenerated 5 years later. Thus, strip cutting could be an interesting option on sites with insufficient advance growth and on sites well regenerated before cutting but where important losses during harvesting are anticipated.

scholarly journals Conflict between Individual and Society : A Brief Review of Victims and Survivors in Anita Desai's Fiction

2019 ◽  
pp. 738-743
Author(s):  
Dr. Pinky
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Anita Desai ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Social Affairs

Anita Desai's novels catch the shattered psyche of the individuals who are striving for defining themselves in the form of identity in the familial and social set-up but it is hard to say that all the characters are strong enough to survive after dealing with the cruelties of life. Apart from a few, they become the victims of their personal and social affairs of life. It may be observed that almost all the protagonists of Anita Desai are sensitive or hypersensitive that makes them victims. On the other hand, some characters try hard to cope with the abnormalities of life but in the long run they also surrender yet they are able to survive. Through a brief study of the selected novels of Anita Desai, this paper will try to examine who are the victims and who are the survivors?

scholarly journals Bilingual (English to Bengali) Technical E- Dictionary for Aviation OOV Words

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3777-3781
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
The Core ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Multiple Languages ◽  
Dictionary Translation

E-dictionaries, quite common today are available for multiple languages in monolingual, bilingual and multilingual forms. In NLP they form the core of a series of tools that are used to understand words, sentences and in turn the language itself. These E-Dictionaries work well for any language domain as a whole. For almost all languages E-dictionaries are available, but once specialized technical domains are encountered these E-Dictionaries are quite useless. Aviation is one such specialized domain for which no E-Dictionary, translation or transliteration tool exist. On the other hand the need for such tools for specialized domains are increasing. The tool discussed in this paper is an attempt to bridge the gap that currently exists between English and Bengali languages.

scholarly journals Stationarity as a path property

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 403-422
Author(s):  
Yi Shen ◽  
Tony S. Wirjanto
Keyword(s):  
Stochastic Process ◽  
Stationary Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Mild Conditions ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Distributional Property ◽  
Shift Invariance ◽  
Stationarity Test ◽  
Path Property ◽  
Almost All

Traditionally, stationarity refers to shift invariance of the distribution of a stochastic process. In this paper, we rediscover stationarity as a path property instead of a distributional property. More precisely, we characterize a set of paths, denoted by A, which corresponds to the notion of stationarity. On one hand, the set A is shown to be large enough, so that for any stationary process, almost all of its paths are in A. On the other hand, we prove that any path in A will behave in the optimal way under any stationarity test satisfying some mild conditions.

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