Lessons from Hurricane Hugo - Marina Planning, Design and Operations in Hurricane Zones

1992 ◽  
pp. 473-486
Author(s):  
J. G. Taylor
Keyword(s):  
Hurricane Hugo

Hurricane damage to old-growth forest in Congaree Swamp National Monument, South Carolina, U.S.A.

1991 ◽  
Vol 21 (12) ◽  
pp. 1765-1770 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francis E. Putz ◽  
Rebecca R. Sharitz
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Old Growth ◽  
Hurricane Damage ◽  
National Monument ◽  
Old Growth Forest ◽  
Bottomland Forest ◽  
Branching Patterns ◽  
Stem Damage ◽  
Hurricane Hugo ◽  
Nurse Logs

Hurricane Hugo caused much damage to the old-growth forests of the Congaree Swamp National Monument, but most of the damage to trees >20 cm dbh consisted of crown breakage and defoliation. Serious damage (>25% of crown lost, snapped trunk, or uprooted) was more common in mixed bottomland forest (49% of trees seriously damaged) than in adjacent sloughs dominated by Taxodiumdistichum (L.) L.C. Rich, and Nyssaaquatica L. (19% of trees seriously damaged). Of the trees >20 cm dbh, about 12% were uprooted in the bottomland forest, whereas only 2% were uprooted in sloughs. The storm reduced diversity in sloughs because most trees of species characteristic of better drained sites, and especially those rooted on nurse logs and other unstable elevated microsites, were uprooted. Dynamics of the entire forest were greatly influenced by the capacity of most tree species to recover vegetatively after suffering even severe crown and stem damage. Trees with resprouted crowns, however, were particularly likely to be broken, presumably owing to the presence of stem rots and architecturally unsound branching patterns.

Spoilage of Pasteurized Crabmeat by a Nontoxigenic Psychrotrophic Anaerobic Sporeformer

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 176-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
WAYNE P. SEGNER
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Resistance ◽  
Blue Crab ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Resistance Curve ◽  
Microbial Spoilage ◽  
Z Value ◽  
Endpoint Data ◽  
D Values ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Hurricane Hugo

Microbial spoilage occurred in machine picked, pasteurized crabmeat of the Blue Crab that had been canned in Maryland in the fall of 1989 and later in 1990. Spoilage in 1989 was first detected after hurricane Hugo, although the relationship between the onset of spoilage and the hurricane, if any, is unclear. The sole spoilage organism was identified as a nontoxigenic psychrotrophic anaerobic sporeformer. The pattern of spoilage suggested a build-up of this organism in machine picking operations. Spoilage was noticeably absent from hand picked pasteurized crabmeat from the same plant. While the psychrotrophic anererobic sporeformer, in some respects, culturally resembles the psychrotroph Clostridium arcticum, the crabmeat spoilage organism may be an unrecognized species. Spores of the crabmeat isolate heated in neutral phosphate buffer gave a thermal resistance curve from survivor data characterized by a D185 (85°C) equal to 15.6 min and a z-value equal to 17.8°F (9.9°C). In crabmeat, D-values calculated from fractional survivor endpoint data gave a thermal resistance curve characterized by an extrapolated D185 equal to 35 min and a z-value equal to 11.6°F (6.5°C). From these data, a process equivalent to = = 31 was incapable of destroying even a reasonably low number of spores of the psychrotrophic anaerobe in pasteurized crabmeat.

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