scholarly journals Intraepithelial Nerve Fibers in the Nasal Mucosa of the Rat with Special Reference to the Localization of CGRP, VIP and Nitric Oxide (NO).

1995 ◽  
Vol 58 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-456 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Hag LEE ◽  
Toshihiko IWANAGA ◽  
Tsuneo FUJITA
1994 ◽  
Vol 657 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 7-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyoyuki Hanazawa ◽  
Akiyoshi Konno ◽  
Toshio Kaneko ◽  
Koichi Tanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Ohshima ◽  
...  

1993 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. S65
Author(s):  
Toyoyuki Hanazawa ◽  
Koichi Tanaka ◽  
Hiroshi Ohshima ◽  
Hiroyasu Esumi ◽  
Tanemichi Chiba

2005 ◽  
Vol 132 (4) ◽  
pp. 620-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan Knipping ◽  
Hans Jürgen Holzhausen ◽  
Alexander Berghaus ◽  
Marc Bloching ◽  
Andreas Riederer

OBJECTIVE: Nasal vasculature and seromucous glands are exposed to complex mechanisms influenced by external as well as internal stimuli. In addition to classic and peptidergic neurotransmitters, nitric oxide (NO) was increasingly found to be important in the control of various physiologic functions. NO modulates nasal immunology, influences macrophage activity, and has antiviral and bacteriostatic properties. The aim of this study was to show the localization of nitric oxide synthases (NOS) I and III in the normal human nasal mucosa by using immunoelectron microscopical techniques. STUDY DESIGN: Specimens of noninflammed inferior turbinates from 35 patients who underwent nasal surgery were fixed in phosphate-buffered glutaraldehyde. After dehydration, incubation in unicryl and polymerization, ultrathin sections were cut. Primary antibodies against NOS I and III were applied and the immunocomplexes were visualized by an immunocytochemical staining-technique using gold-labeled antibodies. Immunostained structures were photodocumented using a transmission electron microscope. RESULTS: NOS-immunoreactive nerve fibers were mainly co-located in parasympathetic nerves in the adventitia of arterial vessels and in periglandular axons. Electron microscopy showed that NOS-positive axons were in close contact with acinus cells. A strong NOS III-immunoreactivity was found in endothelial cells of capillaries near the glands as well as in arterial vessels. Furthermore, immunoreaction products were deposited throughout the cytoplasm of fibroblasts. CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide in nerve fibers, seromucous glands, and endothelial cells of capillaries and arterial vessels suggest that NO takes part in the regulation of physiologic processes of the human nasal mucosa. NOS was co-localized in para-sympathetic nerves and plays a role in the neurotransmission and neuromodulation of the vascular tone and glandular secretion. Arteries showed a distinctly developed nitrergic innervation and endothelial accumulation. The NO production in axons of the adventitia and in the endothelium of arteries demonstrated that these vessels are influenced by a dual NO system. NO could mainly act on these structures with vasodilatatory effects. Finally, NO would be able to influence the functions of perivascular fibroblasts.


1997 ◽  
Vol 117 (5) ◽  
pp. 735-737 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toyoyuki Hanazawa ◽  
Koichi Tanaka ◽  
Tanemichi Chiba ◽  
Akiyoshi Konno

1992 ◽  
Vol 73 (5) ◽  
pp. 1867-1872 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Baraniuk ◽  
P. B. Silver ◽  
M. A. Kaliner ◽  
P. J. Barnes

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neurotransmitter in sympathetic nerve fibers in human nasal mucosa. Like norepinephrine, NPY acts as a vasoconstrictor. An established method of nasal provocation was used to determine the effects of topically applied NPY on nasal resistance to airflow measured by anterior rhinomanometry, the protein content of nasal secretions, and the protein content of bradykinin-induced secretions. NPY (2.3 nmol) reduced the resistance to inspiratory airflow by 57 +/- 18% (P < 0.001) in 10 normal subjects and by 50 +/- 17% (P < 0.05) in 12 subjects with perennial rhinitis. In nasal provocations, NPY in doses of 0.1–10 nmol had no effect on vascular (albumin), glandular (lysozyme, glycoconjugate), or total proteins present in lavaged nasal secretions. Because the vasoconstrictor properties of NPY may only be apparent in the presence of increased vascular permeability and albumin exudation, bradykinin (BK) nasal provocation was performed. BK (500 nmol) significantly increase total protein (10- to 20-fold), albumin (10- to 30-fold), and glycoconjugate (2- to 5-fold) in lavage fluid. NPY (2.3 nmol) reduced BK-induced total protein by 59 +/- 15% (P < 0.05) and albumin by 63 +/- 17% (P < 0.02) but had no significant effect on glandular secretion. Therefore exogenous administration of NPY to the human nasal mucosa reduced nasal airflow resistance and albumin exudation without affecting submucosal gland secretion. NPY agonists may be useful for the treatment of mucosal diseases characterized by vasodilation, vascular permeability, and plasma exudation.


1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (2) ◽  
pp. L81-L88 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. N. Baraniuk ◽  
J. D. Lundgren ◽  
J. Goff ◽  
J. Mullol ◽  
S. Castellino ◽  
...  

To explore the potential range of functions for calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) in human mucosa, we quantified human inferior turbinate nasal mucosal CGRP content by radioimmunoassay, localized CGRP-immunoreactivity by immunohistochemistry, detected 125I-CGRP binding sites by autoradiography, and tested the ability of CGRP to induce submucosal gland secretion in short-term explant culture of human nasal mucosa. Nasal mucosa contained 0.45-0.54 pmol CGRP/g wet wt (n = 18). Immunoreactive CGRP was found in nerve fibers that densely innervated the walls of small muscular arteries arterioles. Venules and venous sinusoids were innervated by individual CGRP staining fibers. Occasional CGRP-containing nerve fibers were also noted adjacent to submucosal gland acini, near the epithelial basement membrane, and between epithelial cells. Specific 125I-CGRP binding sites were concentrated on small muscular arteries and arterioles. CGRP (4 microM) did not stimulate glycoconjugate or lactoferrin release from mucosal explants. These results indicate that in the human nasal mucosa, CGRP is present in nerve fibers, which most likely represent nociceptive sensorimotor nerves that innervate vascular structures (muscular arteries, arterioles, veins and venous sinusoids). It is likely that CGRP release from sensory neurons may play a role in the regulation of vasomotor responses, but no evidence for a role of CGRP in glandular secretion was found.


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