THE RESPONSE OF PLASMA INSULIN, GLUCOSE AND NON-ESTERIFIED FATTY ACIDS TO VARIOUS HORMONES, NUTRIENTS AND DRUGS IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 243-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. LANGSLOW ◽  
E. J. BUTLER ◽  
C. N. HALES ◽  
A. W. PEARSON
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Domestic Fowl ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Nefa Concentration ◽  
Plasma Nefa ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations

SUMMARY The relationships between plasma insulin, glucose, non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and α-amino nitrogen concentrations in the domestic fowl have been studied. During a 72-hr. fast the plasma glucose concentration fell while the NEFA concentration rose but there was no change in plasma insulin concentration. Both oral and intracardiac glucose increased the plasma insulin concentration and lowered the plasma NEFA and α-amino nitrogen concentrations. Oral amino acids increased plasma insulin and glucose concentrations but had no effect on plasma NEFA. Intracardiac ox insulin depressed plasma glucose and α-amino nitrogen and increased the plasma NEFA concentration. Intracardiac glucagon increased both plasma glucose and NEFA and depressed the plasma α-amino nitrogen concentrations but had no significant effect on plasma insulin. Intracardiac adrenaline had no effect on plasma NEFA but increased plasma glucose concentration and caused a small depression in plasma insulin concentration.

scholarly journals Early Changes in Plasma Insulin and Growth Hormone Levels after Feeding in Lambs and Adult Sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 157 ◽  
Author(s):  
JM Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Amino Nitrogen ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Growth Hormone ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Adult Sheep ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Comparable Magnitude

When lambs 1-3 months of age ingested 250 or 500 m1 of milk by sucking vigorously from a teat, there was a rapid increase in their plasma insulin concentration to a maximum 5 min after starting to suck. At the same time plasma growth hormone (GH) levels declined rapidly. Changes of comparable magnitude were also seen when lambs drank milk diluted with water or vigorously ate chopped lucerne hay, when adult wether sheep ate dry feed rapidly, and when an adult wether fitted with an oesophageal fistula was 'sham-fed'. The changes were not seen when sheep, although offered food, did not eat. These responses were not closely related to changes in plasma glucose or ",-amino nitrogen concentrations and they evidently involve reflex nervous mechanisms.

Glucose intolerance following chronic metabolic acidosis in man.

1979 ◽  
Vol 236 (4) ◽  
pp. E328 ◽  
Author(s):  
R A DeFronzo ◽  
A D Beckles
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽  
Tissue Sensitivity

The effect of chronic metabolic acidosis (0.1 g/(kg . day) X 3 days) on carbohydrate metabolism was examined with the glucose-clamp technique in 16 healthy volunteers. Hyperglycemic clamp. Plasma glucose concentration is acutely raised and maintained 125 mg/dl above the basal level. Because the glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of glucose metabolism (M). Following NH4Cl, M decreased from 8.95 +/- 1.12 to 7.35 +/- 0.76 (P less than 0.05) despite an increased plasma insulin concentration (I) 23 +/- 9%, P less than 0.05). Consequently the M/I ratio, an index of tissue sensitivity to insulin, decreased by 32 +/- 5% (P less than 0.005). Euglycemic clamp. Plasma insulin concentration is acutely raised and maintained 101 +/- 3 microU/ml above basal and plasma glucose is held constant at the fasting level by a variable glucose infusion (M). Following NH4Cl both M and M/I decreased by 15 +/- 4% (P = 0.005) and 15 +/- 5% (P = 0.01), respectively. Metabolic acidosis had no effect on basal [3-3H]glucose production or the percent of decline (91 +/- 4%) following hyperinsulinemia. Both hyperglycemic and euglycemic clamp studies indicate that impaired glucose metabolism following metabolic acidosis results from impaired tissue sensitivity to insulin.

scholarly journals Postprandial glucose and insulin profiles following a glucose-loaded meal in cats and dogs

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (S1) ◽  
pp. S101-S104 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian K. Hewson-Hughes ◽  
Matthew S. Gilham ◽  
Sarah Upton ◽  
Alison Colyer ◽  
Richard Butterwick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Test Meal ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Metabolic Adaptation ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
High Blood Glucose

Data from intravenous (i.v.) glucose tolerance tests suggest that glucose clearance from the blood is slower in cats than in dogs. Since different physiological pathways are activated following oral administration compared with i.v. administration, we investigated the profiles of plasma glucose and insulin in cats and dogs following ingestion of a test meal with or without glucose. Adult male and female cats and dogs were fed either a high-protein (HP) test meal (15 g/kg body weight; ten cats and eleven dogs) or a HP+glucose test meal (13 g/kg body-weight HP diet+2 g/kg body-weight d-glucose; seven cats and thirteen dogs) following a 24 h fast. Marked differences in plasma glucose and insulin profiles were observed in cats and dogs following ingestion of the glucose-loaded meal. In cats, mean plasma glucose concentration reached a peak at 120 min (10·2, 95 % CI 9·7, 10·8 mmol/l) and returned to baseline by 240 min, but no statistically significant change in plasma insulin concentration was observed. In dogs, mean plasma glucose concentration reached a peak at 60 min (6·3, 95 % CI 5·9, 6·7 mmol/l) and returned to baseline by 90 min, while plasma insulin concentration was significantly higher than pre-meal values from 30 to 120 min following the glucose-loaded meal. These results indicate that cats are not as efficient as dogs at rapidly decreasing high blood glucose levels and are consistent with a known metabolic adaptation of cats, namely a lack of glucokinase, which is important for both insulin secretion and glucose uptake from the blood.

Insulin does not mediate the attenuation of fatigue associated with glucose infusion in rat plantaris muscle

2003 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 330-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antony D. Karelis ◽  
François Péronnet ◽  
Phillip F. Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Glucose Infusion ◽  
Plasma Glucose Concentration ◽  
Muscle Performance ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Dynamic Force ◽  
Plantaris Muscle ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration

Glucose infusion attenuates fatigue in rat plantaris muscle stimulated in situ, and this is associated with a better maintenance of electrical properties of the fiber membrane (Karelis AD, Péronnet F, and Gardiner PF. Exp Physiol 87: 585–592, 2002). The purpose of the present study was to test the hypothesis that elevated plasma insulin concentration due to glucose infusion (∼900 pmol/l), rather than high plasma glucose concentration (∼10–11 mmol/l), could be responsible for this phenomenon, because insulin has been shown to stimulate the Na+-K+ pump. The plantaris muscle was indirectly stimulated (50 Hz, for 200 ms, 5 V, every 2.7 s) via the sciatic nerve to perform concentric contractions for 60 min, while insulin (8 mU · kg-1 · min-1: plasma insulin ∼900 pmol/l) and glucose were infused to maintain plasma glucose concentration between 4 and 6 [6.2 ± 0.4 mg · kg-1 · min-1: hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE)] or 10 and 12 mmol/l [21.7 ± 1.1 mg · kg-1 · min-1: hyperinsulinemic-hyperglycemic clamps (HH)] (6 rats/group). The reduction in submaximal dynamic force was significantly ( P < 0.05) less with HH (-53%) than with HE and saline only (-66 and -70%, respectively). M-wave characteristics were also better maintained in the HH than in HE and control groups. These results demonstrate that the increase in insulin concentration is not responsible for the increase in muscle performance observed after the elevation of circulating glucose.

scholarly journals Fetal growth, glucose tolerance and plasma insulin concentration in rats given a marginal-zinc diet in the latter stages of pregnancy

1988 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Southon ◽  
Susan J. Fairweather-Tait ◽  
Christine M. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Fetal Blood ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Zn Content ◽  
Tail Blood

1. Wistar rats were fed on a control semi-synthetic diet throughout pregnancy, or a control diet in the first 2 weeks and a marginal-zinc diet in the 3rd week of pregnancy. On day 20, after an overnight fast, half the animals in each group were given glucose by gavage and the 0–30 min rise in blood glucose measured in tail blood. After 60 min blood was taken by cardiac puncture for glucose and insulin assay. Maternal pancreases were removed and the Zn contents measured. Fetuses from each litter were combined for wet/dry weights, protein and DNA determinations.2. Plasma insulin concentration was higher, and glucose concentration and pancreatic Zn content lower, in pregnantv. non-pregnant animals of similar age, fed on the same diet. Pancreatic Zn content was lowest in the marginal-Zn group of pregnant rats. Fetuses from mothers fed on the marginal-Zn diet during the last week of pregnancy were slightly heavier than controls and had a significantly higher protein: DNA ratio. The 0–30 min rise in blood glucose was significantly greater in the marginal-Zn animals.3. In a second experiment, pregnant rats were given similar diets to those used in the first study, but the marginal-Zn diet was given for a shorter period (days 15–19 of pregnancy). On day 19 the rats were meal-fed and on day 20, after an overnight fast, an oral glucose dose was administered. Tail-blood was taken at timed intervals up to 60 min post-dosing for glucose assay. Both maternal and fetal blood glucose and insulin concentration was measured 70 min post-dosing.4. Values for maternal and fetal blood glucose and plasma insulin, measured 70 min after the administration of a glucose dose, were similar in the two groups, but the initial rise in blood glucose concentration was again significantly higher in pregnant rats given the marginal-Zn diet towards term.5. It is suggested that the change in growth and composition, observed in fetuses from rats given a marginal-Zn diet in later pregnancy, is associated with altered maternal carbohydrate metabolism.

scholarly journals The effect of acetoacetate on plasma insulin concentration

1971 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 541-544 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Hawkins ◽  
K. G. M. M. Alberti ◽  
C. R. S. Houghton ◽  
D. H. Williamson ◽  
H. A. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Free Fatty Acids ◽  
Glucose Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Blood Glucose Concentration ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Arterial Blood

1. Sodium acetoacetate was infused into the inferior vena cava of fed rats, 48h-starved rats, and fed streptozotocin-diabetic rats treated with insulin. Arterial blood was obtained from a femoral artery catheter. 2. Acetoacetate infusion caused a fall in blood glucose concentration in fed rats from 6.16 to 5.11mm in 1h, whereas no change occurred in starved or fed–diabetic rats. 3. Plasma free fatty acids decreased within 10min, from 0.82 to 0.64mequiv./l in fed rats, 1.16 to 0.79mequiv./l in starved rats and 0.83 to 0.65mequiv./l in fed–diabetic rats. 4. At 10min the plasma concentration rose from 20 to 49.9μunits/ml in fed unanaesthetized rats and from 6.4 to 18.5μunits/ml in starved rats. There was no change in insulin concentration in the diabetic rats. 5. Nembutal-anaesthetized fed rats had a more marked increase in plasma insulin concentration, from 30 to 101μunits/ml within 10min. 6. A fall in blood glucose concentration in fed rats and a decrease in free fatty acids in both fed and starved rats is to be expected as a consequence of the increase in plasma insulin. 7. The fall in the concentration of free fatty acids in diabetic rats may be due to a direct effect of ketone bodies on adipose tissue. A similar effect on free fatty acids could also be operative in normal fed or starved rats.

scholarly journals Glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status of cockerels selected for high or low residual food consumption

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (6) ◽  
pp. 645-651 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-François Gabarrou ◽  
Pierre Andre Geraert ◽  
John Williams ◽  
Laurent Ruffier ◽  
Nicole Rideau
Keyword(s):  
Food Consumption ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Plasma Concentrations ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Glucose Disposal ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Thyroid Status ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The plasma glucose–insulin relationships and thyroid status were investigated in two lines of adult cockerels divergently selected for high (R+) or low (R-) residual food consumption (RFC). For a given body weight, R+ birds had a 74 % higher food intake than R- birds. Plasma glucose concentrations were significantly lower in the R+ line compared with the R- when fasted, whereas R+ birds exhibited a significantly lower plasma insulin concentration than R- birds either in fed or fasted state. After an overnight fast, R+ birds also exhibited a higher sensitivity to exogenous insulin in view of its more pronounced hypoglycaemic effect. After an oral glucose load, the glucose disposal of R+ cockerels was faster despite lower glucose-induced plasma insulin concentration. Whilst plasma triacylglycerol concentrations were lower in the R+ line when fed, plasma non-esterified fatty acid concentrations were higher in fasted R+ than R- cockerels (684v.522 μmol/l). Higher plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were observed in fed R+ compared with R- birds (3·0v.2·1 nmol/l respectively). The higher plasma concentrations of triiodothyronine associated with lower concentrations of insulin could account for the leanness and the elevated diet-induced thermogenesis previously observed in the R+ line.

Effects of hyperprolactinaemia on glucose tolerance and insulin release in male and female rats

1997 ◽  
Vol 153 (3) ◽  
pp. 423-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
F M Reis ◽  
A M Reis ◽  
C C Coimbra
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Tolerance ◽  
Insulin Release ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Male And Female Rats

Abstract It has been shown that prolactin (PRL) induces glucose intolerance, hyperinsulinaemia and insulin resistance in several animal species, including rats. However, the sex differences regarding glucose homeostasis and insulin release in hyperprolactinaemic subjects have not been assessed to date. In the present study, hyperprolactinaemic (pituitary-grafted) or control (sham-operated) male and female rats were submitted to an i.v. glucose tolerance test (30 mg/100 g body weight, 30% glucose). Grafted female rats had fasting plasma glucose concentrations 26% above control (P<0·01). After the glucose load there was a rapid and pronounced increase in plasma glucose levels in all animal groups, followed by a return to basal values within 30 min. However, the glucose concentrations in hyperprolactinaemic rats were significantly greater than those in controls at 5 min (males, P<0·05) and 30 min (females, P<0·05). The glucose disappearance rate was significantly increased in the grafted females compared with control (P<0·01) and slightly increased in the grafted males. Plasma insulin concentration increased just after glucose load and returned to basal values within 5 min in all groups except for the grafted females, which had recovered their basal insulin levels at 15 min. The grafted male rats had insulin concentrations higher than those of sham-operated controls at 2 min (28·9 ± 3·6 vs 17·3 ± 2·1 μU/ml, P<0·01), whereas females had plasma insulin concentrations greater than those in sham-operated controls 10 min after the glucose load (15·9 ± 1·9 vs 10·1 ± 1·4 μU/ml, P<0·05). The areas under the plasma insulin concentration–time curves were also significantly increased in the hyperprolactinaemic rats and were positively correlated with plasma PRL concentrations (r=0·613, P<0·01). These results demonstrate that moderate chronic hyperprolactinaemia is associated with increased glucose-induced insulin release, which was altered at different times after the glucose load in grafted male and female rats, whereas fasting hyperglycaemia was observed only in grafted females, indicating a sexual dimorphism in the diabetogenic effects of PRL in rats. Journal of Endocrinology (1997) 153, 423–428

Sensitivity of insulin secretion to feedback inhibition by hyperinsulinaemia

1981 ◽  
Vol 98 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph A. DeFronzo ◽  
Christian Binder ◽  
John Wahren ◽  
Philip Felig ◽  
Eleuterio Ferrannini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Secretion ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Feedback Inhibition ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
C Peptide ◽  
Endogenous Insulin ◽  
Arterial Plasma

Abstract. The ability of insulin to inhibit its own secretion was examined in 15 normal subjects given an intravenous infusion of insulin in a dose of 0.25, 0.50, 1.0, 5.0 or 10.0 mU/kg/min for two hours. Arterial plasma insulin concentration achieved during the infusion segregated into three levels of hyperinsulinaemia: 35 ± 1 (mean ± sem), 87 ± 15 and 828 ± 210 μU/ml. Plasma glucose concentration was kept constant at the basal level by a variable glucose infusion. Fasting C-peptide (0.29 ± 0.02 pmol/ml) fell significantly in all subjects during hyperinsulinaemia and reached a concentration of 0.19 ± 0.03 pmol/ml at 60 min and 0.14 ± 0.03 at 120 min after the start of the insulin infusion. The C-peptide response was not related to the infusion dose nor to the steady state plasma insulin concentration. It is concluded that (a) basal insulin secretion as evaluated from C-peptide measurements is inhibited by small (24 ± 3 μU/ml) physiological elevations in plasma insulin concentration independent of changes in plasma glucose, and (b) supraphysiological or even pharmacological elevations in plasma insulin do not result in a further decrease in endogenous insulin secretion above that achieved with mild hyperinsulinaemia.

THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-FAT DIET ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN IN RATS

1968 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-494 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. BLÁZQUEZ ◽  
C. LOPEZ QUIJADA
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Diet Group ◽  
Insulin Concentration ◽  
Control Group ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARY The influence of the diet on the levels of insulin was studied in rats on a high-fat diet. Plasma and glucose insulin concentrations of a control group and of rats on a high-fat diet were compared, and so was the insulin concentration in the pancreas of the two groups. The mean plasma insulin concentration in the control group was 40 μ-u./ml. and that of insulin extracted from the pancreas was 2·5 μg./100 mg. tissue; plasma glucose was 156 mg./100 ml. The animals fed on a high-fat diet showed diabetic features. The mean plasma insulin level was 9 μ-u./ml., and plasma glucose increased to 210 mg./100 ml. The insulin concentration in the pancreas was not significantly different from that in the controls. In vitro the epididymal fat and the diaphragm of the high-fat-diet group were less sensitive to insulin than the same tissues in the control group.

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