MODIFICATION OF RESPONSE TO ADRENOCORTICO-TROPHIC HORMONE BY THE SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES OR OESTROGEN

1957 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 255-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARBARA E. CLAYTON ◽  
JOYCE E. HAMMANT
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Simultaneous Administration ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Direct Inhibition ◽  
Intact Female ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormone ◽  
Trophic Hormone

SUMMARY 1. The urinary excretion of 17-ketosteroids (KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids (KG) has been used as a measure of response to administered adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH). 2. In intact female guinea-pigs the excretion of KG was less when pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin (PMS) and chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) were administered simultaneously with ACTH, as compared with ACTH alone. The ovaries were essential for this effect. The KS response was not affected by gonadotrophin administration. These observations were reproduced in intact female and ovariectomized guinea-pigs by the administration of oestradiol, but not of progesterone, with ACTH. It is suggested that there is probably a direct inhibition of adrenocortical hormone production by the adrenal glands as a result of treatment with oestrogen, or secretion of oestrogen by ovaries stimulated by administered gonadotrophins. 3. No modification of response to ACTH was obtained by the simultaneous administration of PMS + CG or oestradiol to male guinea-pigs.

THE ADRENAL CORTEX AND THE EFFECT OF ACTH AND CORTISONE IN SCORBUTIC GUINEA-PIGS

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. N. HOWARD ◽  
D. B. CATER
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Relative Weight ◽  
Zona Fasciculata ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Absolute Weight ◽  
Middle Stage ◽  
Dividing Cells ◽  
Normal Controls

SUMMARY 1. Adrenal glands of guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C and hypovitaminosis-C were examined and compared with those of normal controls fed on diets containing ascorbic acid as well as with pair-fed controls kept on restricted food intakes. Guinea-pigs with avitaminosis-C were also injected with either adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) or cortisone and compared with normal controls or pair-fed controls similarly injected. 2. Adrenals of animals with avitaminosis-C increased in absolute (20%) and relative weight (120%). The number of mitoses increased fourfold in the middle stage and tenfold in the terminal stage of the deficiency. The zona fasciculata contained many lipid-free, hyperplastic and dividing cells. Cortisone prevented the increase in weight and in mitoses and also the histological changes. Administration of ACTH to guinea-pigs with early avitaminosis increased the mitoses fourfold, but when given to normal guinea-pigs mitoses increased sevenfold. Histological changes were similar to those seen in advanced avitaminosis. 3. In the adrenals of animals with hypovitaminosis-C, neither the absolute weight nor the number of mitoses were greater than normal but the relative weight of the glands was doubled. 4. It is concluded that the increase in adrenal weight which occurred in avitaminosis-C was the result of a hyperplastic response to high levels of endogenous ACTH known to be present in the blood of deficient animals.

scholarly journals Obesity-associated lipidomic remodeling of the adrenal gland indicates an important role of the FADS2-arachidonic acid axis in adrenocortical hormone production

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Witt ◽  
Peter Mirtschink ◽  
Alessandra Palladini ◽  
Ivona Mateska ◽  
Heba Abdelmegeed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Arachidonic Acid ◽  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Cell Cultures ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Gland Cell ◽  
Obese Mice ◽  
Hormone Production ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormone

AbstractObjectiveAdrenocortical hormone levels increase in obesity, potentially contributing to development of obesity-associated pathologies. Here we explored whether lipidomic remodeling of the adrenal gland could mediate altered adrenocortical steroidogenesis during obesity.MethodsLipidomic analysis was performed in adrenal glands using shotgun mass spectrometry (MS), and steroid profiling of sera by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) from lean and obese mice. Gene expression analysis was performed in adrenal glands and adrenocortical cell populations. The role of Fatty Acid Desaturase 2 (FADS2) and arachidonic acid on steroid hormone production was studied in primary adrenal gland cell cultures.ResultsAdrenal glands of obese mice displayed a distinct lipidomic profile, encompassing longer and more unsaturated storage lipids and phospholipids compared to adrenal glands of lean mice. Arachidonoyl acyl chains were abundant in the adrenal gland phospholipidome and increased upon obesity. This was accompanied by increased Fads2 expression, the rate-limiting enzyme of arachidonic acid synthesis, and enhanced plasma adrenocortical hormone levels. Inhibition of FADS2 in primary adrenal gland cell cultures abolished steroidogenesis, which was restored by arachidonic acid supplementation.ConclusionsOur data suggest that the FADS2 – arachidonic acid axis regulates adrenocortical hormone synthesis, while alterations in the content of arachidonoyl chains in the adrenal gland phopsholipidome could account for disturbed adrenocortical hormone production.HighlightsThe adrenal gland lipidome is remodeled in obesity.Arachidonoyl groups are abundant in the adrenal gland phospholipidome and increase in obesity.FADS2 is highly expressed in the adrenal gland and its expression is further increased in obesity.FADS2 inhibition blunts adrenocortical steroidogenesis in primary adrenal gland cell cultures, while arachidonic acid supplementation restores it.

EFFECTS OF OESTROGENS AND ACTH ON THE ADRENALS OF THE GUINEA-PIG COMPARED WITH THOSE IN THE RAT

1959 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
BARBARA E. CLAYTON ◽  
JOYCE E. HAMMANT
Keyword(s):  
Ascorbic Acid ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Significant Fall

SUMMARY 1. In female guinea-pigs the total cholesterol in the adrenal glands was significantly depressed by stilboestrol (SB). Oestradiol (Oe) did not produce a significant fall in adrenal cholesterol, and the levels in the serum and liver were unchanged by either treatment. 2. The effects of SB and Oe have been compared in the guinea-pig and rat. (a) In both species adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) caused a fall in adrenal ascorbic acid. In the rat, but not in the guinea-pig, there was also a fall after treatment with SB and Oe. (b) In the rat SB caused severe morphological changes in the adrenal glands and great depletion of their lipid content. By contrast, in the guinea-pig, even using five times the dose given to the rat, morphological changes in the adrenals were minimal and there was little depletion of fat. (c) Oe did not produce marked morphological changes in either species, but it caused great depletion of fat in the adrenal glands of the rat, and, by contrast, only a little depletion in the guinea-pig. (d) No severe changes were observed in the livers and kidneys in either species following treatment with ACTH, SB or Oe. These experiments emphasize the large differences in the response of these two species to treatment with oestrogens.

Corticosteroids for reversal of hemorrhagic shock in rats

1965 ◽  
Vol 209 (4) ◽  
pp. 815-818 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max Harry Weil ◽  
Howard Whigham
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Pharmacological Action ◽  
Therapeutic Benefit ◽  
Dosage Range ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Adrenalectomized Animal ◽  
Adrenocortical Hormone

Corticosteroids administered in amounts more than 100 times those required to sustain a fully adrenalectomized animal were highly effective in increasing survival following hemorrhagic shock. In rats with intact adrenal glands, hemorrhagic shock was produced by maintaining arterial blood pressure at 35 mm Hg for 240 min. Glucocorticoids and aldosterone were administered only after blood was reinfused. The therapeutic benefit is due to a pharmacological action of the adrenocortical hormone. Aldosterone had a lesser and relatively narrow dosage range of effectiveness.

Comparative Effects of ACTH and LSD on Urinary Corticosteriods in Guinea Pigs

1957 ◽  
Vol 189 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eli Nadel ◽  
Shlomo Burstein ◽  
Hudson Hoagland
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
Inbred Strain ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Lysergic Acid ◽  
Lysergic Acid Diethylamide ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone

Effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), administered alone and in combination, on the urinary excretion of three corticosteroids, 6ß hydroxycortisol, 2α hydroxycortisol and cortisol, were compared in four series (11 g.p./series) using inbred strain 2 guinea pigs to see whether some of the effects of LSD were mediated by way of pituitary gland stimulation. ACTH (10 mg) significantly increased the urinary excretion values of the three corticosteroids. There was no increase in corticosteroids following administration of LSD (50 mg). LSD given in combination with ACTH at the above doses did not alter the values observed after ACTH alone.

LEVELS OF CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN IN THE NEWBORN INFANT AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ADRENAL DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE

1967 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
CH. LAURITZEN ◽  
W.-D. LEHMANN
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Excretion ◽  
Renal Clearance ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Umbilical Vein ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Chorionic Gonadotrophin ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulphate ◽  
Low Volume

SUMMARY Chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) concentrations were measured in newborn infants. The levels of HCG were found to be higher in the umbilical vein than in the arteries. The hormone is eliminated within 72 hr. post partum. After the injection of HCG a mean of 3·6% of the administered dose appeared in the urine. The renal clearance was very low (0·006 ml./min.) in the newborn corresponding to the low volume of urinary output. HCG is also excreted in the meconium and in the faeces during the first day of life. Administration of HCG to newborn infants significantly increased the urinary excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone. This rise was even more pronounced in premature infants. It is suggested that HCG is an adrenocorticotrophic hormone in the foetus, regulating the supply of foetal adrenal dehydroepiandrosterone as a precursor for the production of oestrogens in the placenta. The excretion of dehydroepiandrosterone in the urine of the newborn was found to lie between 78 and 277 μg./24 hr. After injection of sodium dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate, 5% of the dose was excreted in the urine. Dehydroepiandrosterone was not converted into oestrogens by the newborn.

CHANGES IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE IN THE PLASMA AND ADRENAL GLANDS OF THE GUINEA-PIG FROM BIRTH TO WEANING

1974 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 483-488 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. DALLE ◽  
P. DELOST
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Gland ◽  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Plasma Cortisol ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Cortisol Secretion ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Steady Level ◽  
Very High

SUMMARY Concentrations of cortisol and corticosterone in the plasma and adrenal glands of male and female guinea-pigs were estimated throughout the first postnatal day and thereafter at intervals up to 3 weeks of age. In the guinea-pig, the basal level of cortisol secretion is established more slowly than in other species. The concentration of plasma cortisol is very high at birth, with a marked fall between days 1 and 10 post partum and then a steady level from day 10 to 20, the time of weaning. At day 10 the values for plasma cortisol and corticosterone approach the lower ones found in the adult. There were peaks in the amounts of corticosteroids found in the adrenal gland at 50 h, 4 and 7 days and these may have been due to increased hormonal synthesis between days 2 and 8.

Effect of brain monoamines on the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone

1982 ◽  
Vol 101 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alka Amar ◽  
S. Mandal ◽  
A. K. Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Dopaminergic Neurons ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Plasma Corticosterone ◽  
Albino Rats ◽  
Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone ◽  
Brain Monoamines ◽  
Acth Secretion ◽  
Acute Increase

Abstract. The role of brain monoamines (5-HT, NA and DA) in the secretion of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was studied in view of contradictory reports. Plasma corticosterone levels and the rate of synthesis of corticosterone in vitro by the adrenal gland were estimated in albino rats and have been taken as the index of ACTH activity. These estimations were done in unstressed and stressed, and in untreated and treated rats. Drugs were administered intracerebroventricularly to the rats to cause selective degeneration of tryptaminergic, noradrenergic or dopaminergic neurons. The results show that plasma corticosterone levels and the rate of synthesis of corticosterone were significantly decreased after selective degeneration of tryptaminergic neurons in unstressed rats. After selective degeneration of either tryptaminergic or noradrenergic neurons, the acute increase in the plasma corticosterone levels and rate of synthesis of corticosterone in vitro by adrenal glands in stressed rats were significantly inhibited. These results have been interpreted to suggest that the central tonic control on adrenal glands may be 5-HT mediated and that during stress ACTH secretion may be both 5-HT and NA mediated. DA does not seem to have significant role in the regulation of ACTH secretion.

scholarly journals Distribution of vitamin C is tissue specific with early saturation of the brain and adrenal glands following differential oral dose regimens in guinea pigs

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (10) ◽  
pp. 1539-1549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stine Hasselholt ◽  
Pernille Tveden-Nyborg ◽  
Jens Lykkesfeldt
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin C ◽  
Guinea Pigs ◽  
Adrenal Glands ◽  
Biological Fluids ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Hill Equation ◽  
Distribution Kinetics ◽  
The World ◽  
Dose Concentration ◽  
The Brain

Vitamin C (VitC) deficiency is surprisingly common in humans even in developed parts of the world. The micronutrient has several established functions in the brain; however, the consequences of its deficiency are not well characterised. To elucidate the effects of VitC deficiency on the brain, increased knowledge about the distribution of VitC to the brain and within different brain regions after varying dietary concentrations is needed. In the present study, guinea pigs (like humans lacking the ability to synthesise VitC) were randomly divided into six groups (n 10) that received different concentrations of VitC ranging from 100 to 1500 mg/kg feed for 8 weeks, after which VitC concentrations in biological fluids and tissues were measured using HPLC. The distribution of VitC was found to be dynamic and dependent on dietary availability. Brain saturation was region specific, occurred at low dietary doses, and the dose–concentration relationship could be approximated with a three-parameter Hill equation. The correlation between plasma and brain concentrations of VitC was moderate compared with other organs, and during non-scorbutic VitC deficiency, the brain was able to maintain concentrations from about one-quarter to half of sufficient levels depending on the region, whereas concentrations in other tissues decreased to one-sixth or less. The adrenal glands have similar characteristics to the brain. The observed distribution kinetics with a low dietary dose needed for saturation and exceptional retention ability suggest that the brain and adrenal glands are high priority tissues with regard to the distribution of VitC.

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