Sexual Dimorphism of the Second-to-Fourth Digit Length Ratio (2D : 4D) in the Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Oophaga pumilio) in Costa Rica

2008 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 414-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Costa Rica ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Oophaga Pumilio ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Digit Length

Sexual dimorphism in the second-to-fourth digit length ratio in green anoles, Anolis carolinensis (Squamata: Polychrotidae), from the southeastern United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 84 (10) ◽  
pp. 1489-1494 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L. Chang ◽  
Stephanie Doughty ◽  
Juli Wade ◽  
Matthew B. Lovern
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Anolis Carolinensis ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Michigan State University ◽  
Sexually Dimorphic ◽  
State University ◽  
Oklahoma State University ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Digit Length

Digit length ratios are organized during embryonic development and may show sexual dimorphism related to steroid exposure. The second-to-fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) has received the most attention. In the present study, we measured 2D:4D of all four feet of adult male and female green anoles ( Anolis carolinensis Voigt, 1832) to determine whether it is sexually dimorphic and whether results are repeatable across laboratories. Lizards were housed at Michigan State University (MSU) and Oklahoma State University (OSU), and one investigator at each institution used digital calipers to measure the 2D:4D of each foot. At both MSU and OSU, we found that males had a significantly larger 2D:4D on the back right foot than females did, and that no sex difference existed in either the back left or the front right foot. Furthermore, although no sex difference in the front left foot was found at MSU, the 2D:4D on this foot was larger in females at OSU. Our results demonstrate both sexual dimorphism in 2D:4D and repeatability between laboratories, but they also suggest the importance of verifying such repeatability if 2D:4D or any other digit length ratio is used as a potential indicator of the early steroid environment.

Second-to-fourth digit length ratio is associated with negative and affective symptoms in schizophrenia patients

2018 ◽  
Vol 199 ◽  
pp. 297-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataly Paipa ◽  
Christian Stephan-Otto ◽  
Jorge Cuevas-Esteban ◽  
Araceli Núñez-Navarro ◽  
Judith Usall ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Length Ratio ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Affective Symptoms ◽  
Digit Length

Second-to-fourth digit length ratio as a measure of harm avoidance

2016 ◽  
Vol 97 ◽  
pp. 30-34
Author(s):  
Sang Won Jeon ◽  
Ho-Kyoung Yoon ◽  
Changsu Han ◽  
Young-Hoon Ko ◽  
Yong-Ku Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harm Avoidance ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Digit Length

Second to fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) and adult sex hormone levels: New data and a meta-analytic review

2007 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 313-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Johannes Hönekopp ◽  
Luise Bartholdt ◽  
Lothar Beier ◽  
Andreas Liebert
Keyword(s):  
Sex Hormone ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Analytic Review ◽  
Digit Length

scholarly journals Correlation between Second and Fourth Digit Length Ratio with Height, Body Mass Index and Axial Length of Eyeball in Adult Population of Burdwan, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabari Bhattacharya ◽  
Alipta Bhattacharya ◽  
Apala Bhattacharya ◽  
Kushal Banerjee ◽  
Jonaki Das(Sarkar) ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Axial Length ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Length Ratio ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Left Hand ◽  
Fourth Digit ◽  
Right Hand ◽  
Digit Length

Introduction: Studies are being conducted to correlate second (2D) to fourth digit (4D) length ratio as an anthropometric marker of prenatal sex steroid exposure with human body. As 2nd digit: 4th digit(2D:4D)ratio is an anthropometric window into the interplay of sex hormones in-utero, this tool may be tested to note if there is any correlation between the sexual dimorphism of axial length and the Digit length ratio. Aim: To find a correlation between digit length ratio (2D:4D) with physical parameters like height, BMI and axial length of eyeball in the adult population of South Bengal presenting in a tertiary care hospital, in Burdwan, West Bengal, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study with simple random sampling was conducted on 500 patients (age ≥20 years) from March 2016 to February 2017 in the Departments of Anatomy and Ophthalmology Out Patients Department (OPD) of a tertiary care Hospital and Medical College in West Bengal, India. Height, weight, axial length of eyeball were measured and the BMI was computed for the study population. Statistical analysis was done with Statistical Package for Social Sciences(SPSS) version 16.0. Unpaired t-test was used for determining possible group differences in 2D:4D length ratios. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were used to find a correlation between second and fourth digit length ratio (2D:4D) with height, BMI and axial length of eyeball in the study population. The p-value <0.05 was considered significant. Results: The study included 280 males and 220 females with a minimum age above 20 years and most of the patients belonged to the age group of 50-69 years. A 2D:4D length ratio was significantly lower in males compared to females (For Right hand t=34.91, p<0.001, and for left hand t=14.30, p<0.001). Correlation analysis of 2D:4D length ratio of right and left hands with height of males revealed significant negative correlation (Right hand: r=-0.679, p<0.001; Left hand: r=-0.0463, p<0.001). In females, the result was positively significant for both hands (Right hand: r=0.313, p<0.05; left hand: r=0.21, p<0.05). A 2D:4D length ratio and BMI of males showed significant positive correlation for both Right hand (r=0.18, p<0.05) as well as for the left hand (r=0.137 p<0.05). In case of females, however 2D:4D ratio and BMI showed weakly negative correlation for both hands but the values were not significant. Correlation of 2D:4D length ratio of right and left hands on axial length of eyeball in males revealed significant negative correlation (right hand: r=-0.706, p<0.001; left hand: r=-0.25, p<0.05) but in females, there was significant positive correlation for the right hand (r=0.145, p <0.05*) and positive but non-significant correlation for the left hand at 95% CI (r=0.087, p>0.05) Conclusion: In this study, we have tried to establish that 2D:4D ratio (which is significantly higher in females) can be used as a putative non-invasive anthropometric marker to differentiate between males and females, which presumably is prenatally determined by in-utero sex steroid hormone exposure. By correlation studies, we have also tried to prove that this parameter correlates well with other anthropometric measurements like height, BMI and ocular axial length which are already known to be significantly different in males and females

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