Seafood through time revisited: the Phanerozoic increase in marine trophic resources and its macroevolutionary consequences

Paleobiology ◽  
10.1666/13065 ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 256-287 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warren D. Allmon ◽  
Ronald E. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
General Model ◽  
Fossil Record ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Geological Time ◽  
Trophic Resources ◽  
Marine Primary Productivity

We review and synthesize multiple biotic and abiotic proxies for marine nutrient and food availability, primary productivity, and food quality (stoichiometry) and propose what their relationships may have been to macroevolutionary processes, especially speciation. This review confirms earlier suggestions that there has been an overall increase in marine primary productivity over the Phanerozoic, but indicates that the increase has been irregular and that present levels may not be the peak. We integrate these indicators into a new estimate of relative primary productivity in the global ocean through the Phanerozoic. We then combine multiple, frequently conflicting ecological-evolutionary hypotheses into a general model for how primary production may affect speciation over geological time scales. This model, an elaboration and extension of the “speciation cycle” previously proposed by Grant and Grant, attempts to explain why an increase in food supply sometimes is associated with decreased diversity, and at other times with increased diversification. We propose some simple tests for the application of this model to the fossil record.

scholarly journals The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation

2006 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 1587-1629 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Slomp ◽  
P. Van Cappellen
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Continental Shelves

Abstract. A new mass balance model for the coupled marine cycles of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) is used to examine the relationships between oceanic circulation, primary productivity, and sedimentary burial of reactive P and particulate organic C (POC), on geological time scales. The model explicitly represents the exchanges of water and particulate matter between the continental shelves and the open ocean, and it accounts for the redox-dependent burial of POC and the various forms of reactive P (iron(III)-bound P, particulate organic P (POP), authigenic calcium phosphate, and fish debris). Steady state and transient simulations indicate that a slowing down of global ocean circulation decreases primary production in the open ocean, but increases that in the coastal ocean. The latter is due to increased transfer of soluble P from deep ocean water to the shelves, where it fuels primary production and causes increased reactive P burial. While authigenic calcium phosphate accounts for most reactive P burial ocean-wide, enhanced preservation of fish debris may become an important reactive P sink in deep-sea sediments during periods of ocean anoxia. Slower ocean circulation globally increases POC burial, because of enhanced POC preservation under anoxia in deep-sea depositional environments and higher primary productivity along the continental margins. In accordance with geological evidence, the model predicts increased accumulation of reactive P on the continental shelves during and following periods of ocean anoxia.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic Ice Sheet explored with a biogeochemical model

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (18) ◽  
pp. 3583-3603 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Person ◽  
Olivier Aumont ◽  
Gurvan Madec ◽  
Martin Vancoppenolle ◽  
Laurent Bopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Vertical Distributions ◽  
Fertilization Capacity ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Iron (Fe) delivery by the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) through ice shelf and iceberg melting enhances primary productivity in the largely iron-limited Southern Ocean (SO). To explore this fertilization capacity, we implement a simple representation of the AIS iron source in the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. We evaluate the response of Fe, surface chlorophyll, primary production, and carbon (C) export to the magnitude and hypothesized vertical distributions of the AIS Fe fluxes. Surface Fe and chlorophyll concentrations are increased up to 24 % and 12 %, respectively, over the whole SO. The AIS Fe delivery is found to have a relatively modest impact on SO primary production and C export, which are increased by 0.063±0.036 PgC yr−1 and 0.028±0.016, respectively. However, in highly fertilized areas, primary production and C export can be increased by up to 30 % and 42 %, respectively. Icebergs are predicted to have a much larger impact on Fe, surface chlorophyll, and primary productivity than ice shelves in the SO. The response of surface Fe and chlorophyll is maximum in the Atlantic sector, northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and along the East Antarctic coast. The iceberg Fe delivery below the mixed layer may, depending on its assumed vertical distribution, fuel a non-negligible subsurface reservoir of Fe. The AIS Fe supply is effective all year round. The seasonal variations of the iceberg Fe fluxes have regional impacts that are small for annual mean primary productivity and C export at the scale of the SO.

Atmospheric dust stimulated marine primary productivity during Earth’s penultimate icehouse

Geology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Sardar Abadi ◽  
Jeremy D. Owens ◽  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Theodore R. Them ◽  
Xingqian Cui ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Inorganic Carbon ◽  
Carbonate Precipitation ◽  
Fine Dust ◽  
Deep Time ◽  
Point Count ◽  
Lipid Biomarker ◽  
Dust Fraction ◽  
Marine Primary Productivity

The importance of dust as a source of iron (Fe) for primary production in modern oceans is well studied but remains poorly explored for deep time. Vast dust deposits are well recognized from the late Paleozoic and provisionally implicated in primary production through Fe fertilization. Here, we document dust impacts on marine primary productivity in Moscovian (Pennsylvanian, ca. 307 Ma) and Asselian (Permian, ca. 295 Ma) carbonate strata from peri-Gondwanan terranes of Iran. Autotrophic contents of samples, detected by both point-count and lipid-biomarker analyses, track concentrations of highly reactive Fe, consistent with the hypothesis that dust stimulated primary productivity, also promoting carbonate precipitation. Additionally, highly reactive Fe tracks the fine-dust fraction. Dust-borne Fe fertilization increased organic and inorganic carbon cycling in low- and mid-latitude regions of Pangaea, maintaining low pCO2.

scholarly journals The global marine phosphorus cycle: sensitivity to oceanic circulation

2007 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. P. Slomp ◽  
P. Van Cappellen
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Phosphate ◽  
Primary Production ◽  
Ocean Circulation ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Deep Sea ◽  
Open Ocean ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Oceanic Circulation ◽  
Continental Shelves

Abstract. A new mass balance model for the coupled marine cycles of phosphorus (P) and carbon (C) is used to examine the relationships between oceanic circulation, primary productivity, and sedimentary burial of reactive P and particulate organic C (POC), on geological time scales. The model explicitly represents the exchanges of water and particulate matter between the continental shelves and the open ocean, and it accounts for the redox-dependent burial of POC and the various forms of reactive P (iron(III)-bound P, particulate organic P (POP), authigenic calcium phosphate, and fish debris). Steady state and transient simulations indicate that a slowing down of global ocean circulation decreases primary production in the open ocean, but increases that in the coastal ocean. The latter is due to increased transfer of soluble P from deep ocean water to the shelves, where it fuels primary production and causes increased reactive P burial. While authigenic calcium phosphate accounts for most reactive P burial ocean-wide, enhanced preservation of fish debris may become an important reactive P sink in deep-sea sediments during periods of ocean anoxia. Slower ocean circulation globally increases POC burial, because of enhanced POC preservation under anoxia in deep-sea depositional environments and higher primary productivity along the continental margins. In accordance with geological evidence, the model predicts increased accumulation of reactive P on the continental shelves during and following periods of ocean anoxia.

scholarly journals Sensitivity of ocean biogeochemistry to the iron supply from the Antarctic ice sheet explored with a biogeochemical model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renaud Person ◽  
Olivier Aumont ◽  
Gurvan Madec ◽  
Martin Vancoppenolle ◽  
Laurent Bopp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Ice Sheet ◽  
Global Ocean ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Carbon Export ◽  
Antarctic Ice Sheet ◽  
Atlantic Sector ◽  
Fertilization Capacity ◽  
The Antarctic

Abstract. Iron (Fe) delivery by the Antarctic Ice Sheet (AIS) through ice shelf and iceberg melting enhances primary productivity in the largely iron-limited Southern Ocean (SO). To explore this fertilization capacity, we implemented a simple representation of the AIS iron source in the global ocean biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES. We evaluated the response of Fe, surface chlorophyll, primary production and carbon export to the magnitude and hypothesized vertical distributions of the AIS Fe fluxes. Surface Fe and chlorophyll concentrations are increased up to 25 % and 12 %, respectively, over the whole SO. The AIS Fe delivery is found to have a relatively modest impact on SO primary production and C export which are increased by 0.063 ± 0.036 PgC yr−1 and 0.028 ± 0.016 PgC yr−1, respectively. However, in highly fertilized areas, primary production and C export can be increased by up to 30 % and 42 %, respectively. Icebergs are predicted to have a much larger impact on Fe, surface chlorophyll and primary productivity than ice shelves in the SO. The response of surface Fe and chlorophyll is maximum in the Atlantic sector, northeast of the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, and along the East Antarctic coast. The iceberg Fe delivery below the mixed layer may, depending on its assumed vertical distribution, fuel a non-negligible subsurface reservoir of Fe. The Fe supply is effective all year round and seasonal variations in iceberg melting have regional impacts which are almost negligible for annual-mean primary productivity and C export at the scale of the SO.

LATE PALEOZOIC IRON FERTILIZATION FROM DUST ENHANCED SHALLOW MARINE PRIMARY PRODUCTIVITY

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Sardar Abadi ◽  
◽  
Jeremy D. Owens ◽  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Theodore R. Them ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Late Paleozoic ◽  
Shallow Marine ◽  
Iron Fertilization ◽  
Marine Primary Productivity

scholarly journals Assessing nutritional value of ready-to-eat breakfast cereals in the province of Quebec (Canada): a study from the Food Quality Observatory

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Julie Perron ◽  
Sonia Pomerleau ◽  
Pierre Gagnon ◽  
Joséane Gilbert-Moreau ◽  
Simone Lemieux ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Quality ◽  
Food Supply ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Saturated Fat ◽  
Nutritional Composition ◽  
Breakfast Cereal ◽  
Food Category ◽  
Breakfast Cereals ◽  
Sales Data

Abstract Objective: The Food Quality Observatory was created in the province of Quebec (Canada) in 2016. In this study, the Observatory aimed to generate a methodology to (1) test the use of sales data combined with nutrient values to characterise the nutritional composition of ready-to-eat (RTE) breakfast cereals offered and purchased in the province of Quebec (Canada) and (2) verify the extent to which a front-of-pack label based on the percentage of daily value (DV) for total sugar, as a strategy to improve the food supply, would be distributed in this food category. Design: Nutritional information were obtained by purchasing each RTE breakfast cereal available in the Greater Montreal area. Cereals were then classified according to their processing type. Setting: The nutritional values of 331 RTE breakfast cereals available in Quebec were merged with sales data covering the period between May 2016 and May 2017. A total of 306 products were successfully cross-referenced. Results: Granola and sweetened cereals were the most available (36·6 % and 19·6 %, respectively) and purchased (19·8 % and 40·9 % of sales, respectively). When compared with other types of cereals, granola cereals had a higher energy, fat, saturated fat, protein content and a lower Na content. A larger proportion of chocolate (65 %) and sweetened cereals (49 %) were above 15 % of the DV for sugar. Conclusions: This study showed that the methodology developed generates important data to monitor nutritional quality of the food supply and ultimately contribute to improve the nutritional quality of processed foods.

scholarly journals Prediction of the Export and Fate of Global Ocean Net Primary Production: The EXPORTS Science Plan

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Siegel ◽  
Ken O. Buesseler ◽  
Michael J. Behrenfeld ◽  
Claudia R. Benitez-Nelson ◽  
Emmanuel Boss ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Production ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Global Ocean
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