Use of Great Lakes Recreational Beaches and Human-Waste Sites by Ring-Billed Gulls

Dustin W. Jordan; Thomas M. Gehring; Nancy E. Seefelt; Elizabeth W. Alm

doi:10.1656/045.028.0202

Use of Great Lakes Recreational Beaches and Human-Waste Sites by Ring-Billed Gulls

Northeastern Naturalist ◽

10.1656/045.028.0202 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 28 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Dustin W. Jordan ◽

Thomas M. Gehring ◽

Nancy E. Seefelt ◽

Elizabeth W. Alm

Keyword(s):

Great Lakes ◽

Human Waste ◽

Recreational Beaches

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Escherichia coli toxin and attachment genes in sand at Great Lakes recreational beaches

Journal of Great Lakes Research ◽

10.1016/j.jglr.2011.10.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 129-133 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Leah Bauer ◽

Elizabeth Alm

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Recreational Beaches

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Cladophora in the Great Lakes: impacts on beach water quality and human health

Water Science & Technology ◽

10.2166/wst.2010.230 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 62 (1) ◽

pp. 68-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

M. P. Verhougstraete ◽

M. N. Byappanahalli ◽

J. B. Rose ◽

R. L. Whitman

Keyword(s):

Water Quality ◽

Great Lakes ◽

Enteric Bacteria ◽

Fecal Indicators ◽

Fecal Indicator ◽

E Coli ◽

Recreational Beaches ◽

Beach Closures ◽

Continued Use ◽

Beach Water Quality

Cladophora in the Great Lakes grows rapidly during the warm summer months, detaches, and becomes free-floating mats as a result of environmental conditions, eventually becoming stranded on recreational beaches. Cladophora provides protection and nutrients, which allow enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli, enterococci, Shigella, Campylobacter, and Salmonella to persist and potentially regrow in the presence of the algae. As a result of wind and wave action, these microorganisms can detach and be released to surrounding waters and can influence water quality. Enteric bacterial pathogens have been detected in Cladophora mats; E. coli and enterococci may populate to become part of the naturalized microbiota in Cladophora; the high densities of these bacteria may affect water quality, resulting in unnecessary beach closures. The continued use of traditional fecal indicators at beaches with Cladophora presence is inadequate at accurately predicting the presence of fecal contamination. This paper offers a substantial review of available literature to improve the knowledge of Cladophora impacts on water quality, recreational water monitoring, fecal indicator bacteria and microorganisms, and public health and policy.

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LITTORAL PROCESSES IN LAKES

Coastal Engineering Proceedings ◽

10.9753/icce.v1.16 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 16

Author(s):

W. C. Krumbein

Keyword(s):

Great Lakes ◽

Coastal Areas ◽

Wave Action ◽

Point Of View ◽

Long Period ◽

Geological Processes ◽

Recreational Beaches ◽

Closed Systems ◽

General Topic ◽

Sea Coast

The purpose of this paper is to present the general topic of lake processes to an engineering audience from a geological point of view. It is apparent that the shores of larger lakes present many problems in common with the sea coast, but the absence of tides, and of first-rank storms, means that geological processes are less marked, and structures may in general be smaller. In contrast to many coastal areas, the Great Lakes probably have less consolidated materials in their banks and bluffs, inasmuch as the basins lie mainly in glacial deposits. Hence rates of erosion may be much greater than on harder coastal rocks. The effect of long-period changes in level also introduce problems of selecting distances above and below lake datum in structures, to allow for the more shoreward wave action during times of high levels. The much leaner shore drift along lakes as compared to the oceans also means that problems of beach development and maintenance may be more difficult to solve. Greater reliance on imported sand in closed systems seems to be the trend in some larger communities where the demand for recreational beaches is great.

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