Time in the Laboratory, but Not Exposure to a Chytrid Fungus, Results in Rapid Change in Spring Peeper (Pseudacris crucifer) Skin Bacterial Communities

2021 ◽  
Vol 109 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Korin R. Jones ◽  
Jenifer B. Walke ◽  
Matthew H. Becker ◽  
Lisa K. Belden ◽  
Myra C. Hughey
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Chytrid Fungus ◽  
Pseudacris Crucifer

scholarly journals Short-Term Exposure to Coal Combustion Waste Has Little Impact on the Skin Microbiome of Adult Spring Peepers (Pseudacris crucifer)

2016 ◽  
Vol 82 (12) ◽  
pp. 3493-3502 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra C. Hughey ◽  
Jenifer B. Walke ◽  
Matthew H. Becker ◽  
Thomas P. Umile ◽  
Elizabeth A. Burzynski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Environmental Contaminants ◽  
Skin Microbiome ◽  
Amphibian Skin ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Pseudacris Crucifer ◽  
Metabolite Profiles ◽  
Host Health

ABSTRACTDisruptions to the microbiome can impact host health as can exposure to environmental contaminants. However, few studies have addressed how environmental contaminants impact the microbiome. We explored this question for frogs that breed in wetlands contaminated with fly ash, a by-product of coal combustion that is enriched in trace elements. We found differences in the bacterial communities among a fly ash-contaminated site and several reference wetlands. We then experimentally assessed the impacts of fly ash on the skin microbiome of adult spring peepers (Pseudacris crucifer). Frogs were exposed to fly ash in the laboratory for 12 h, the duration of a typical breeding event, and the skin microbiome was assessed after 5 days (experiment 1) or after 5 and 15 days (experiment 2). We examined bacterial community structure using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and metabolite profiles using high-pressure liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). We found little impact as the result of acute exposure to fly ash on the bacterial communities or metabolite profiles in either experiment, suggesting that the bacterial symbiont communities of adults may be relatively resistant to brief contaminant exposure. However, housing frogs in the laboratory altered bacterial community structure in the two experiments, which supports prior research suggesting that environmental source pools are important for maintaining the amphibian skin microbiome. Therefore, for contaminants like fly ash that may alter the potential source pool of symbionts, we think it may be important to explore how contaminants affect the initial assembly of the amphibian skin microbiome in larval amphibians that develop within contaminated sites.IMPORTANCEAnimals are hosts to many symbiotic microorganisms, collectively called the microbiome, that play critical roles in host health. Therefore, environmental contaminants that alter the microbiome may impact hosts. Some of the most widespread contaminants, produced worldwide, are derived from the mining, storage, and combustion of coal for energy. Fly ash, for example, is a by-product of coal combustion. It contains compounds such as arsenic, selenium, cadmium, and strontium and is a recognized source of ground and surface water contamination. Here, we experimentally investigated the impacts of short-term fly ash exposure on the skin microbiome of spring peepers, one of many species of amphibian that sometimes breed in open fly ash disposal ponds. This research provides a look into the potential impacts of fly ash on an animal's microbiome and suggests important future directions for research on the effects of environmental contaminants on the microbiome.

Ecological Correlates of Large-Scale Turnover in the Dominant Members of Pseudacris crucifer Skin Bacterial Communities

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 832-842 ◽  
Author(s):  
Myra C. Hughey ◽  
Eric R. Sokol ◽  
Jenifer B. Walke ◽  
Matthew H. Becker ◽  
Lisa K. Belden
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Pseudacris Crucifer ◽  
Ecological Correlates

scholarly journals Chytrid fungi shape bacterial communities on model particulate organic matter

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. 20200368
Author(s):  
Cordelia Roberts ◽  
Ro Allen ◽  
Kimberley E. Bird ◽  
Michael Cunliffe
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Bacterial Colonization ◽  
Community Diversity ◽  
Microbial Colonization ◽  
Chytrid Fungus ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
And Function

Microbial colonization and degradation of particulate organic matter (POM) are important processes that influence the structure and function of aquatic ecosystems. Although POM is readily used by aquatic fungi and bacteria, there is a limited understanding of POM-associated interactions between these taxa, particularly for early-diverging fungal lineages. Using a model ecological system with the chitin-degrading freshwater chytrid fungus Rhizoclosmatium globosum and chitin microbeads, we assessed the impacts of chytrid fungi on POM-associated bacteria. We show that the presence of chytrids on POM alters concomitant bacterial community diversity and structure, including differing responses between chytrid life stages. We propose that chytrids can act as ecosystem facilitators through saprotrophic feeding by producing ‘public goods’ from POM degradation that modify bacterial POM communities. This study suggests that chytrid fungi have complex ecological roles in aquatic POM degradation not previously considered, including the regulation of bacterial colonization, community succession and subsequent biogeochemical potential.

High time resolution enzyme cytochemistry of rod outer segment

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 878-879
Author(s):  
Takuma Saito ◽  
Toshihiro Takizawa
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Activities ◽  
Outer Segment ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Visual Cell ◽  
Enzyme Cytochemistry ◽  
Activation Effect ◽  
Rod Outer Segment ◽  
Enzymatic Cascades ◽  
Rapid Drop

Cells and tissues live on a number of dynamic metabolic pathways, which are made up of sequential enzymatic cascades.Recent biochemical and physiological studies of vision research showed the importance of cGMP metabolism in the rod outer segment of visual cell, indicat ing that the photon activated rhodopsin exerts activation effect on the GTP binding protein, transducin, and this act ivated transducin further activates phosphodiesterase (PDEase) to result in a rapid drop in cGMP concentration in the cytoplasm of rod outer segment. This rapid drop of cGMP concentration exerts to close the ion channel on the plasma membrane and to stop of inward current brings hyperpolarization and evokes an action potential.These sequential change of enzyme activities, known as cGMP cascade, proceeds quite rapidly within msec order. Such a rapid change of enzyme activities, such as PDEase in rod outer segment, was not a matter of conventional histochemical invest igations.

Career Action Centre: The Health of Those Who Use It During Rapid Change

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. McIntosh ◽  
C. A. Woodward ◽  
C. E. Cunningham ◽  
J. A. Brown ◽  
H. Shannon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change

A Rapid Change in Pressure

2020 ◽  
Vol 382 (5) ◽  
pp. e8
Author(s):  
Kristin D’Silva ◽  
Anand Vaidya ◽  
James W. Smithy ◽  
William J. Anderson ◽  
Barbara Cockrill
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Change

Decreasing water pressure cues ‘bailout’ in seaweed-associated crustaceans

2020 ◽  
Vol 653 ◽  
pp. 121-129
Author(s):  
RB Taylor ◽  
S Patke
Keyword(s):  
Water Pressure ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Brown Seaweed ◽  
Model System ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Suitable Habitat ◽  
Changing Light ◽  
Surface Increase ◽  
Reduced Water ◽  
Transparent Chamber

Small mobile crustaceans are abundant on seaweeds. Many of these crustaceans rapidly abandon their host if it is detached from the seafloor and floats towards the surface, but the trigger for this ‘bailout’ behaviour is unknown. We tested 2 potential cues, i.e. rapid change in light and rapid change in water pressure, using >1 mm epifauna on the brown seaweed Carpophyllum plumosum as a model system. Bailout occurred in response to reduced water pressure, but not to changing light, as (1) bailout occurred at similar rates in light and dark, (2) bailout occurred on the seafloor when water pressure was reduced within a transparent chamber by the equivalent of ~0.5 m depth or more, and (3) little bailout occurred when water pressure was held constant within the chamber while seaweeds were raised to the surface. Increase in pressure (simulating sinking) did not induce bailout. The rate of bailout increased with increasing magnitude of pressure reduction but was not influenced greatly by the rate of change of pressure within the range tested (up to an equivalent of 0.4 m depth s-1). The use of pressure rather than light as a cue for bailout is consistent with the need for seaweed-associated crustaceans to rapidly abandon a detached host and relocate to suitable habitat during both day and night.

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