Predator-induced Contemporary Evolution, Phenotypic Plasticity, and the Evolution of Reaction Norms in Guppies

Copeia ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 105 (3) ◽  
pp. 514-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
Swanne P. Gordon ◽  
Andrew P. Hendry ◽  
David N. Reznick
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Contemporary Evolution

Phenotypic Plasticity and Reaction Norms in Temperate and Tropical Populations of Drosophila melanogaster: Ovarian Size and Developmental Temperature

Evolution ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Marie Delpuech ◽  
Brigitte Moreteau ◽  
Joelle Chiche ◽  
Eliane Pla ◽  
Joseph Vouidibio ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drosophila Melanogaster ◽  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Developmental Temperature ◽  
Ovarian Size

scholarly journals Chromatin structure changes in Daphnia populations upon exposure to environmental cues – or – The discovery of Wolterecks “Matrix”

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronaldo de Carvalho Augusto ◽  
Aki Minoda ◽  
Oliver Rey ◽  
Céline Cosseau ◽  
Cristian Chaparro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Chromatin Structure ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Environmental Cues ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Open Chromatin ◽  
Norm Of Reaction ◽  
Structure Changes

AbstractPhenotypic plasticity is an important feature of biological systems that is likely to play a major role in the future adaptation of organisms to the ongoing global changes. It may allow an organism to produce alternative phenotypes in responses to environmental cues. Modifications in the phenotype can be reversible but are sometimes enduring and can even span over generations. The notion of phenotypic plasticity was conceptualized in the early 20th century by Richard Woltereck. He introduced the idea that the combined relations of a phenotypic character and all environmental gradients that influence on it can be defined as “norm of reaction”. Norms of reaction are specific to species and to lineages within species, and they are heritable. He postulated that reaction norms can progressively be shifted over generations depending on the environmental conditions. One of his biological models was the water-flee daphnia. Woltereck proposed that enduring phenotypic modifications and gene mutations could have similar adaptive effects, and he postulated that their molecular bases would be different. Mutations occurred in genes, while enduring modifications were based on something he called the Matrix. He suggested that this matrix (i) was associated with the chromosomes, (ii) that it was heritable, (iii) it changed during development of the organisms, and (iv) that changes of the matrix could be simple chemical substitutions of an unknown, but probably polymeric molecule. We reasoned that the chromatin has all postulated features of this matrix and revisited Woltereck’s classical experiments with daphnia. We developed a robust and rapid ATAC-seq technique that allows for analyzing chromatin of individual daphnia and show here (i) that this technique can be used with minimal expertise in molecular biology, and (ii) we used it to identify open chromatin structure in daphnia exposed to different environmental cues. Our result indicates that chromatin structure changes consistently in daphnia upon this exposure confirming Woltereck’s classical postulate.

scholarly journals Translating environmental gradients into discontinuous reaction norms via hormone signalling in a polyphenic butterfly

2010 ◽  
Vol 278 (1706) ◽  
pp. 789-797 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicencio Oostra ◽  
Maaike A. de Jong ◽  
Brandon M. Invergo ◽  
Fanja Kesbeke ◽  
Franziska Wende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Hormonal Regulation ◽  
Environmental Gradients ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Bicyclus Anynana ◽  
Linear Temperature ◽  
Linear Temperature Gradient ◽  
Adult Fitness ◽  
Hormone Signalling

Polyphenisms—the expression of discrete phenotypic morphs in response to environmental variation—are examples of phenotypic plasticity that may potentially be adaptive in the face of predictable environmental heterogeneity. In the butterfly Bicyclus anynana , we examine the hormonal regulation of phenotypic plasticity that involves divergent developmental trajectories into distinct adult morphs for a suite of traits as an adaptation to contrasting seasonal environments. This polyphenism is induced by temperature during development and mediated by ecdysteroid hormones. We reared larvae at separate temperatures spanning the natural range of seasonal environments and measured reaction norms for ecdysteroids, juvenile hormones (JHs) and adult fitness traits. Timing of peak ecdysteroid, but not JH titres, showed a binary response to the linear temperature gradient. Several adult traits (e.g. relative abdomen mass) responded in a similar, dimorphic manner, while others (e.g. wing pattern) showed a linear response. This study demonstrates that hormone dynamics can translate a linear environmental gradient into a discrete signal and, thus, that polyphenic differences between adult morphs can already be programmed at the stage of hormone signalling during development. The range of phenotypic responses observed within the suite of traits indicates both shared regulation and independent, trait-specific sensitivity to the hormone signal.

scholarly journals Inter- and intraspecific phenotypic plasticity of three phytoplankton species in response to ocean acidification

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 20160774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giannina S. I. Hattich ◽  
Luisa Listmann ◽  
Julia Raab ◽  
Dorthe Ozod-Seradj ◽  
Thorsten B. H. Reusch ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenotypic Plasticity ◽  
Ocean Acidification ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
Short Time Scale ◽  
Sampling Effort ◽  
Phytoplankton Species ◽  
Species Response

Phenotypic plasticity describes the phenotypic adjustment of the same genotype to different environmental conditions and is best described by a reaction norm. We focus on the effect of ocean acidification on inter- and intraspecific reaction norms of three globally important phytoplankton species ( Emiliania huxleyi, Gephyrocapsa oceanica and Chaetoceros affinis ). Despite significant differences in growth rates between the species, they all showed a high potential for phenotypic buffering (similar growth rates between ambient and high CO 2 conditions). Only three coccolithophore genotypes showed a reduced growth in high CO 2 . Diverging responses to high CO 2 of single coccolithophore genotypes compared with the respective mean species responses, however, raise the question of whether an extrapolation to the population level is possible from single-genotype experiments. We therefore compared the mean response of all tested genotypes with a total species response comprising the same genotypes, which was not significantly different in the coccolithophores. Assessing species reaction norms to different environmental conditions on short time scale in a genotype-mix could thus reduce sampling effort while increasing predictive power.

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