MEASUREMENT OF TEAR PRODUCTION USING PHENOL RED THREAD AND STANDARDIZED ENDODONTIC ABSORBENT PAPER POINTS IN EUROPEAN POND TURTLES (EMYS ORBICULARIS)

2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 825-829 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed Mehdi Rajaei ◽  
Maneli Ansari Mood ◽  
Masoud Selk Ghaffari ◽  
David L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Emys Orbicularis ◽  
Tear Production

scholarly journals Evaluation of tear production in juvenile opossum using three different methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-65
Author(s):  
Arianne P. Oria ◽  
Ana C. Raposo ◽  
Nayone L.L.C. Araujo ◽  
João V. Romano ◽  
Emanoel F. Martins-Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Ocular Diseases ◽  
Domestic Species ◽  
Production Parameters ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Schirmer Tear Test ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Right ◽  
Didelphis Aurita ◽  
Didelphis Albiventris

ABSTRACT: The establishment of parameters for tear production in different species is important for better understanding eye´s health and is one of the components of the ophthalmic semiological technique. Particularities derived from the anatomophysiology of non-domestic species induce the search for more reliable methodologies. The aim was to evaluate and compare tear production of white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) and Brazilian common opossum (Didelphis aurita) by three different methods. Fifteen individuals of each species, juveniles, healthy, of both sexes, with 60 to 90 days of life, were physically restrained. Phenol red thread test (PRTT), endodontic absorbent paper point tear test (EAPPTT) and modified -Schirmer tear test (mSTT) were performed. PRTT was the most difficult to perform because of the wire malleability, while EAPPTT was more feasible for both species. The median ± semi-quartile range for PRTT were 19.79±2.61mm/15 “and 5.22±2.92mm/15”, for EAPPTT were 16.25±1.82mm/min and 10.9±3.04mm/min, and for STTm were 0±1.63mm/min and 0±1.63mm/min for white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum respectively. There was no difference between the right and left eye neither sex. A significant difference was obtained for the same test to different species. No significant correlation was found between the tests for both species. The description of tear production parameters for juvenile white-eared opossum and Brazilian common opossum may be used as a tool, which will allow the early diagnosis of ocular diseases.

Measurement of Tear Production Using the Phenol Red Thread Test in the Common Mynah (Acridotheres tristis)

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-148 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyed mehdi Rajaei ◽  
Manely Ansari mood ◽  
Hamid Khorram ◽  
Masoud Selk ghaffari ◽  
David L. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Acridotheres Tristis ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Tear Production, Intraocular Pressure, Ultrasound Biometric Features and Conjunctival Flora Identification in Clinically Normal Eyes of Two Italian Breeds of Chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus)

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2987
Author(s):  
Samanta Nardi ◽  
Federico Puccini Leoni ◽  
Viola Monticelli ◽  
Valentina Virginia Ebani ◽  
Fabrizio Bertelloni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intraocular Pressure ◽  
Reference Range ◽  
Reference Ranges ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Normal Reference Range ◽  
Clinically Normal ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Chicken Breeds ◽  
Conjunctival Flora ◽  
Biometric Measurements

Given the abundance of chickens in Italy, it is important for veterinarians to know the normal state of chickens’ eyes in order to identify any ophthalmic pathological changes. The aim of this study was to determine the normal values of select ocular parameters and to evaluate conjunctival microflora in two Italian chicken breeds. Sixty-six healthy chickens underwent a complete ophthalmic examination, which included a phenol red thread test (PRTT) for the evaluation of tear production and the assessment of intraocular pressure by rebound tonometry. B-mode ultrasound biometric measurements and conjunctival microflora identification were also performed in twenty-seven chickens. Mean PRTT was 23.77 ± 2.99 mm/15 s in the Livorno breed and 19.95 ± 2.81 mm/15 s in the Siciliana breed. Mean intraocular pressure was 14.3 ± 1.17 mmHg in the Livorno breed and 14.06 ± 1.15 mmHg in the Siciliana breed. Reference ranges for morphometric parameters were reported in the two breeds. Twenty-three chickens (85.18%) were bacteriologically positive. Chlamydia spp. antigen was detected in 14.81% of chickens. No positive cultures were obtained for fungi. Normal reference range values for selected ophthalmic parameters were obtained in clinically healthy chickens, which could facilitate accurate diagnosis and better management of ophthalmic diseases in these animals.

scholarly journals Chronic dry eye induced corneal hypersensitivity, neuroinflammatory responses, and synaptic plasticity in the mouse trigeminal brainstem

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Darine Fakih ◽  
Zhanlin Zhao ◽  
Pierre Nicolle ◽  
Elodie Reboussin ◽  
Fanny Joubert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nerve Fiber ◽  
Dry Eye ◽  
Extracellular Recording ◽  
Peripheral Sensitization ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Phenol Red ◽  
Post Surgery ◽  
Tear Production ◽  
Corneal Nerve

Abstract Background Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disease associated with ocular surface inflammation, pain, and nerve abnormalities. We studied the peripheral and central neuroinflammatory responses that occur during persistent DED using molecular, cellular, behavioral, and electrophysiological approaches. Methods A mouse model of DED was obtained by unilateral excision of the extraorbital lachrymal gland (ELG) and Harderian gland (HG) of adult female C57BL/6 mice. In vivo tests were conducted at 7, 14, and 21 days (d) after surgery. Tear production was measured by a phenol red test and corneal alterations and inflammation were assessed by fluorescein staining and in vivo confocal microscopy. Corneal nerve morphology was evaluated by nerve staining. Mechanical corneal sensitivity was monitored using von Frey filaments. Multi-unit extracellular recording of ciliary nerve fiber activity was used to monitor spontaneous corneal nerve activity. RT-qPCR and immunostaining were used to determine RNA and protein levels at d21. Results We observed a marked reduction of tear production and the development of corneal inflammation at d7, d14, and d21 post-surgery in DED animals. Chronic DE induced a reduction of intraepithelial corneal nerve terminals. Behavioral and electrophysiological studies showed that the DED animals developed time-dependent mechanical corneal hypersensitivity accompanied by increased spontaneous ciliary nerve fiber electrical activity. Consistent with these findings, DED mice exhibited central presynaptic plasticity, demonstrated by a higher Piccolo immunoreactivity in the ipsilateral trigeminal brainstem sensory complex (TBSC). At d21 post-surgery, mRNA levels of pro-inflammatory (IL-6 and IL-1β), astrocyte (GFAP), and oxidative (iNOS2 and NOX4) markers increased significantly in the ipsilateral trigeminal ganglion (TG). This correlated with an increase in Iba1, GFAP, and ATF3 immunostaining in the ipsilateral TG of DED animals. Furthermore, pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNFα, IL-1β, and CCL2), iNOS2, neuronal (ATF3 and FOS), and microglial (CD68 and Itgam) markers were also upregulated in the TBSC of DED animals at d21, along with increased immunoreactivity against GFAP and Iba1. Conclusions Overall, these data highlight peripheral sensitization and neuroinflammatory responses that participate in the development and maintenance of dry eye-related pain. This model may be useful to identify new analgesic molecules to alleviate ocular pain.

Effect of fumarprotocetraric acid isolated the Lichen Cladonia verticillaris on tracheobronchial phenol red excretion in mice

Planta Medica ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 77 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
GP Duarte ◽  
GD Alves ◽  
ED Franco ◽  
RG Melo ◽  
DP Cordeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phenol Red
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