scholarly journals Dragline deposition patterns among male and female Hogna helluo (Araneae, Lycosidae) in the presence of chemical cues from prey

2009 ◽  
Vol 37 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Holler ◽  
Matthew H. Persons
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Deposition Patterns ◽  
Hogna Helluo

Predator-naïve fall field crickets respond to the chemical cues of wolf spiders

2008 ◽  
Vol 86 (11) ◽  
pp. 1259-1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan J. Storm ◽  
Steven L. Lima
Keyword(s):  
Filter Paper ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Acheta Domesticus ◽  
Wolf Spiders ◽  
Gryllus Pennsylvanicus ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Hogna Helluo ◽  
Terrestrial Insects ◽  
Rabidosa Rabida ◽  
Blank Filter

Few studies have addressed whether terrestrial insects assess predation risk via chemical cues. We exposed predator-naïve fall field crickets ( Gryllus pennsylvanicus Burmeister, 1838) to filter paper containing the chemical cues of three wolf spiders ( Hogna helluo (Walckenaer, 1837), Rabidosa rabida (Walckenaer, 1837), Rabidosa punctulata (Hentz, 1844)), the house cricket ( Acheta domesticus L., 1758,) and blank filter paper. Crickets exhibited greater immobility and reduced speed of movement when exposed to chemical cues of all three spider species. Crickets exhibited reduced speed with increasing mass of R. punctulata, suggesting that larger spiders may pose a greater risk. Cricket response did not differ between cues of H. helluo fed conspecific crickets versus H. helluo fed house crickets, suggesting that crickets cannot distinguish between cues from H. helluo fed phylogenetically similar crickets. Our work nevertheless demonstrates that naïve field crickets respond to chemical cues of several species of wolf spiders.

scholarly journals Analyses of Skin Secretions of Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) (Reptilia: Serpentes), with Focus on the Complex Compounds and Their Possible Role in the Chemical Communication

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (16) ◽  
pp. 3622
Author(s):  
Kostadin Andonov ◽  
Angel Dyugmedzhiev ◽  
Simeon Lukanov ◽  
Miroslav Slavchev ◽  
Emiliya Vacheva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Communication ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Complex Compounds ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Mass Spectral ◽  
Skin Secretions ◽  
Spectral Libraries ◽  
Mass Spectral Libraries ◽  
Vipera Ammodytes

Snakes rely heavily on chemical cues when foraging, searching for mates, etc. Snakes’ sex attractiveness pheromones comprise mainly heavy, semi-volatile compounds such as ketones. Here we investigated the composition of skin secretions of adult Vipera ammodytes (Linnaeus, 1758) individuals. The samples were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and the identification of the compounds was performed using commercial mass spectral libraries and retention times. The relative concentrations of all detected compounds were tested for significant differences between (1) male vs. female live individuals, (2) shed skin vs. live individuals, and (3) pre-reproductive vs. reproductive live individuals. We detected fifty-nine compounds of which six were ketones. Two ketones (2-pentacosanone and 2-heptacosanone) were present in many of the samples and thus may have an important role in the V. ammodytes chemical communication. We did not find significant differences between the relative concentrations of the compounds between male and female individuals (only three compounds are exceptions). Significant differences were found between extracts from shed skins and live individuals and between live pre-reproductive individuals and live reproductive individuals. The results of the study suggest that chemical communication in V. ammodytes involves less compounds in comparison to the known literature data for other species.

scholarly journals Uropygial gland volatiles may code for olfactory information about sex, individual, and species in Bengalese finches Lonchura striata

2009 ◽  
Vol 55 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-365 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian-Xu Zhang ◽  
Lixing Sun ◽  
Ming-Xue Zuo
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Visual Signals ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Uropygial Gland ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Wing Feather ◽  
Corvus Frugilegus ◽  
Individual Variations ◽  
Uropygial Gland Secretion ◽  
Gland Volatiles

Abstract Over-shadowed by eye-catching vocal and visual signals, chemical communication has long been overlooked in birds. This study aimed at exploring whether volatile composition of the uropygial gland secretion (UGS) of birds was associated with the information about sex, individual and species. By using dichloromethane extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), we analyzed the UGS volatiles of domesticated Bengalese finches (Lonchura striata, Estrildiea) which is also known as white-rumped munias. We characterized 16 volatile molecules from the UGS, including eight n-alkanols, five diesters, an ester, an aldehyde and a fatty acid, and quantified them in terms of GC peak area percentages (relative abundances). Among these compounds, hexadecanol and octadecanol were major components in both sexes. The former was richer in males than in females and the latter richer in females than in males, suggesting that they might be male and female pheromone candidates, respectively. The high inter-individual variations, in relative abundance, of the UGS volatiles implied that these compounds might carry information about individuality. The similarity between GC profiles of the UGS and wing feather from same individuals indicates that the birds might preen the secretion to their feathers to transmit chemical cues. Additionally, by comparing with three sympatric passerine species, i. e., zebra finches Taeniopygia guttata, yellow-bowed buntings Emberiza chrysophrys and rooks Corvus frugilegus, we found that the composition of C13 - C18 alkanols in the UGS might code for information about species. Our study also showed that quantitative differences (degree) of same UGS volatiles might be the key for the Bengalese finch to code for information about sex and individuality whereas both the kind and degree of UGS constituents could be utilized to code for information about species.

The use of scats as social signals in a solitary, endangered scincid lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis

2010 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aaron L. Fenner ◽  
C. Michael Bull
Keyword(s):  
Endangered Species ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Conservation Management ◽  
Random Pattern ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Social Signals ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Solitary Living ◽  
Living Species ◽  
Common Behaviour

Context The deliberate accumulation of faeces or scats in one location is a common behaviour used for social signalling. The endangered pygmy bluetongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis, is a solitary-living species that appears to use scats as social signals. Previous studies have found that these lizards approach burrows more cautiously if there is a conspecific scat present and behave differently to scats from male and female conspecifics, indicating that these lizards can recognise scat-based conspecific cues. For endangered species, understanding how an animal uses and responds to chemical cues has the potential to become a powerful tool in conservation management. Aims To investigate whether these solitary lizards might be using scats as social signals by testing whether scats were being deposited in a non-random pattern designed to maximise their exposure to the nearest neighbour conspecifics. Method In the present study, we investigated the spatial pattern of scatting behaviour by pygmy bluetongue lizards in the field. Results Scats were consistently deposited in one direction that was significantly aligned with the nearest occupied burrow of a neighbouring lizard. The same deposition sites were used when previous scats were either destroyed by rain, or experimentally moved to a different location. Male lizards deposited scats significantly closer to their own burrows when neighbours were closer. Key conclusions The results were consistent with the lizards using scats to advertise their presence and status. The scat-deposition patterns observed in the present study suggest that scats are used as an olfactory signal associated with social organisation of pygmy bluetongue lizards. Implications Current plans for the conservation management of this endangered species include translocations. By understanding how these lizards respond to, and use chemical cues, we may be able to use this knowledge to aid in translocation programs, e.g. by pre-establishing territories for individuals before they are introduced into the population.

Review of Sexual Selection and Chemical Communication in the Lobster, Homarus americanus

1986 ◽  
Vol 43 (11) ◽  
pp. 2283-2290 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle Atema
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Selection ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Chemical Cues ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Homarus Americanus ◽  
Dominant Male ◽  
Stable Strategy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Strong Current ◽  
Mating Opportunities

Field and laboratory observations have shown that female lobsters, Homarus americanus, are the active searching partner in courtship, choosing locally dominant males. The attractive features of the male are suspected to be intrasexual aggressive behavior and chemical cues. Size-based dominance is an important factor allowing males to secure a suitable mating shelter. In nature, male and female lobsters often approach and check shelters of other lobsters. This behavior may allow the animals to monitor the observed daily and seasonal changes in their physical and social environment. Premolt females approach the dominant male's shelter frequently in the weeks before the female's molt. Indirect evidence indicates that the female then "blows" a urine-related sex pheromone into the male shelter. One to several days before molting, a female enters the male shelter. Female intrasexual competition increases the premolt, but not the postmolt, cohabitation period. During cohabitation, males fan with their pleopods blowing a strong current through the shelter and into the environment. This chemical advertisement attracts other females, including future mating partners, to his shelter entrance. Females spent 1–2 wk in the male shelter. Mating takes place 30 min after the female molts. Another female may start cohabitation with the male immediately. In one 10-wk period a dominant male in the laboratory cohabited and mated with five females in sequence; females ignored a second male of equal size. Theoretically, by allowing a female to spend time in his shelter the male foregoes other mating opportunities, but this is balanced—and hence a stable strategy—by his protection of a vulnerable postmolt female who carries his offspring. Females must choose males who can protect them efficiently from prédation and, perhaps more importantly, from competing lobsters.

The Clinical, Roentgenological and Morphological Effects of an Acute Exposure of Phosgene on the Lungs of Dogs

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 236-237
Author(s):  
R. F. Bils ◽  
W. F. Diller ◽  
F. Huth
Keyword(s):  
Latent Period ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Lung Edema ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Electron Microscopes

Phosgene still plays an important role as a toxic substance in the chemical industry. Thiess (1968) recently reported observations on numerous cases of phosgene poisoning. A serious difficulty in the clinical handling of phosgene poisoning cases is a relatively long latent period, up to 12 hours, with no obvious signs of severity. At about 12 hours heavy lung edema appears suddenly, however changes can be seen in routine X-rays taken after only a few hours' exposure (Diller et al., 1969). This study was undertaken to correlate these early changes seen by the roengenologist with morphological alterations in the lungs seen in the'light and electron microscopes.Forty-two adult male and female Beagle dogs were selected for these exposure experiments. Treated animals were exposed to 94.5-107-5 ppm phosgene for 10 min. in a 15 m3 chamber. Roentgenograms were made of the thorax of each animal before and after exposure, up to 24 hrs.

Ultrastructural investigation of spontaneous pituitary gonadotroph cell adenomas in aging Sprague-Dawley rats

1983 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
pp. 702-703
Author(s):  
D. J. McComb ◽  
J. Beri ◽  
F. Zak ◽  
K. Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Animal Model ◽  
Epoxy Resin ◽  
Immunoelectron Microscopy ◽  
Tumor Type ◽  
Gonadal Function ◽  
Sprague Dawley ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Reticulin Fibers ◽  
Sprague Dawley Rats

Gonadotroph cell adenomas of the pituitary are infrequent in human patients and are not invariably associated with altered gonadal function. To date, no animal model of this tumor type exists. Herein, we describe spontaneous gonadotroph cell adenomas in old male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by histology, immunocytology and electron microscopy.The material consisted of the pituitaries of 27 male and 38 female Sprague Dawley rats, all 26 months of age or older, removed at routine autopsy. Sections of formal in-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue were stained with hematoxylin-phloxine-saffron (HPS), the PAS method and the Gordon-Sweet technique for the demonstration of reticulin fibers. For immunostaining, sections were exposed to anti-rat β-LH, anti-ratβ-TSH, anti-rat PRL, anti-rat GH and anti-rat ACTH 1-39. For electron microscopy, tissue was fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed in 1% OsO4 and embedded in epoxy-resin. Tissue fixed in 10% formalin, embedded in epoxy resin without osmification, was used for immunoelectron microscopy.

Quantitative ultrastructural reconstruction of small regions within large volumes by correlative light and high voltage electron microscopy of serial 0.25-0.50 μm sections

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 578-581
Author(s):  
Conly L. Rieder ◽  
Frederick J. Miller ◽  
Edwin Davison ◽  
Samuel S. Bowser ◽  
Kirsten Lewis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Mitotic Spindle ◽  
Meiotic Spindle ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
High Voltage Electron ◽  
Differential Stability ◽  
Sperm Aster

In this abstract we Illustrate how same-section correlative light and high voltage electron microscopy (HVEM) of serial 0.25-0.50-μm sections can answer questions which are difficult to approach by EM of 60-100 nm sections.Starfish (Pisaster and Asterlas) eggs are fertilized at meiosis I when the oocyte contains two maternal centrosomes (e.g., asters) which form the poles of the first meiotic spindle. Immediately after fertilization a sperm aster is assembled in the vicinity of the male pronucleus and persists throughout meiosis. At syngamy the sperm aster splits to form the poles of the first mitotic spindle. During this time the functional and replicative properties of the maternal centrosome, inherited from the last meiotic division, are lost. The basis for this differential stability, of male and female centrosomes in the same cytoplasm, is a mystery.

A Tape Striation Counting Method for Determining Fundamental Frequency

1979 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-248 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter B. Mueller ◽  
Marla Adams ◽  
Jean Baehr-Rouse ◽  
Debbie Boos
Keyword(s):  
Fundamental Frequency ◽  
Counting Method ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Fundamental Frequencies ◽  
Counting Procedure ◽  
Female Subjects

Mean fundamental frequencies of male and female subjects obtained with FLORIDA I and a tape striation counting procedure were compared. The fundamental frequencies obtained with these two methods were similar and it appears that the tape striation counting procedure is a viable, simple, and inexpensive alternative to more costly and complicated procedures and instrumentation.

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