Isolated blastomeres from 2- and 4-cell embryos are able to generate live offspring. However, the development of each cell of an 8-cell embryo is limited. Tetraploid embryos are used for aggregation with other embryos, embryonic stem cells, and iPS cells, and they are selected against during development of the fetal tissues, but persist in extraembryonic membranes. The objective of this work was to generate a new and simple method for cloning 8-cell bovine embryos and also to explore more efficient methods to multiply transgenic embryos by aggregation of each blastomere from a day-3 embryo with putative tetraploid embryos. To this aim, bovine cumulus–oocyte complexes were in vitro matured in standard conditions and subjected to IVF (day 0) according to Bracket and Oliphant (1975). After IVF, a group of presumptive zygotes was injected with ooplasmic vesicles incubated with 50 ng mL–1 of linearized pCX–egfp. Other group was cultured for 25 additional hours (day 1). At that time 2-cell embryos were electrofused twice at 40V for 25 μs at 100-ms intervals to generate putative tetraploid embryos, visualised as a single blastomere 1 h after the fusion pulse (fused embryos, F). Two aggregation groups were included. A synchronic group (S): IVF for the production of both transgenic embryos and fused embryos was done on the same day; and an asynchronic group (AS): IVF for transgenic embryos took place 1 day before IVF for fused embryos production, so embryos from the A group were younger. Controls consisted of the same S and AS groups, but no fusion was included (NF). On day 3, the enhanced green fluorescent protein [EGFP(+)] blastomeres were selected. Using the well of well system, 1 or 2 embryos of each fusion group (S or AS and F or NF) were removed of their ZP and aggregated in a microwell with one EGFP(+) blastomere from a 5- to 8-cell stage embryo (day 3). In vitro development of the aggregates and green fluorescent protein expression localization of blastocysts were analysed. Blastocysts were obtained for all groups; however, the 2A-F and 2A-NF groups showed the highest rates (44%, P < 0.05) compared with one embryo aggregation. The highest aggregation rates of the EGFP(+) blastomere were observed for 2A-F (67%) and 2A-NF (44%) groups, too. A very poor integration was noted in the 2S-NF (100%), 2S-F (94%), 1A-NF (89%), and 1S-NF (80%) groups. Localised EGFP distribution was also high in the 2A-F group (42%). In all cases, EGFP expression seemed to localise by the inner cell mass. We demonstrated that it is possible to multiply 8-cell embryos of genetic value and also transgenic embryos, in theory reducing mosaicism rates in future offspring. Moreover, our results give rise to the possibility of using EGFP like a reporter gene that could be used to evaluate aggregation efficiency by a fluorescence microscope.
Selection of Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Enhanced Green Fluorescent Protein-Positive Dopamine Neurons Using the Tyrosine Hydroxylase Promoter Is Confounded by Reporter Gene Expression in Immature Cell Populations