The Easter Sepulchrum in its Relation to the Architecture of the High Altar

PMLA ◽  
1916 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 664-712
Author(s):  
John K. Bonnell
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Good Friday ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Middle Ages

By the term ‘sepulehrum’ is designated that device or structure employed in churches—especially in the middle ages—to symbolize, or in more complete manner to represent, the tomb of Christ. This sepulchrum, so named in the liturgy, first appears in connection with the ancient office of the Depositio Crucis, or burial of the cross, which after mass on Good Friday typified the burial of Christ. Complementing and completing the Depositio was another office, privately celebrated by the priest and clergy before matins on Easter Sunday, typifying the resurrection, and called the Elevatio Crucis. When, after the tenth century, troping of the Introit for Easter morning—the famous Quem Quaeritis—developed into a little liturgical play with the impersonation of the angel or angels, and of the three Maries coming to anoint the body of the Lord, there was naturally a development of the heretofore symbolic sepulchrum in the altar, into what resulted finally in a separate structure.

The Gender of the Church: the Female Image of Ecclesia in the Middle Ages

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
pp. 93-103
Author(s):  
Jo Spreadbury
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Son Of God ◽  
Hildegard Of Bingen ◽  
Female Image ◽  
The Cross ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Middle Ages

In a famous eucharistic vision, recorded in the Scivias, Hildegard of Bingen saw what she calls the ‘image of a woman’ (‘muliebris imago’) approaching the Cross so that she was sprinkled by the blood from Christ’s side. In the Eibingen miniature which accompanies this vision, the woman is shown not only sprinkled with Christ’s blood but catching it in a chalice. Below the Cross an altar bearing a chalice is shown and the same woman stands beside it, her arms outstretched in prayer. Hildegard says in the text that the woman ‘frequently approached’ the altar and there ‘devotedly offers her dowry, which is the body and blood of the Son of God’. The illustration shows nothing of the vested priest who is described in the text approaching the altar after the woman to celebrate the divine mysteries; but it appears that the woman herself is celebrating the mysteries of Christ’s passion which are recalled in the Eucharist and pictured around the altar. The interpretation of this vision says that the woman is Ecclesia, the Church, the Bride of Christ.

“The Truth of Reliable Tradition”: Saadya Gaon, Arabic Rhetoric, and the Challenge to Rhetorical Historiography

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-188
Author(s):  
Brandon Katzir
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Arabic Language ◽  
Rhetorical Strategies ◽  
Medieval Rhetoric ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Latin Language ◽  
Arabic Rhetoric ◽  
Rhetorical Traditions ◽  
The Middle Ages

This article explores the rhetoric of medieval rabbi and philosopher Saadya Gaon, arguing that Saadya typifies what LuMing Mao calls the “interconnectivity” of rhetorical cultures (Mao 46). Suggesting that Saadya makes use of argumentative techniques from Greek-inspired, rationalist Islamic theologians, I show how his rhetoric challenges dominant works of rhetorical historiography by participating in three interconnected cultures: Greek, Jewish, and Islamic. Taking into account recent scholarship on Jewish rhetoric, I argue that Saadya's amalgamation of Jewish rhetorical genres alongside Greco-Islamic genres demonstrates how Jewish and Islamic rhetoric were closely connected in the Middle Ages. Specifically, the article analyzes the rhetorical significance of Saadya's most famous treatise on Jewish philosophy, The Book of Doctrines and Beliefs, which I argue utilizes Greco-Islamic rhetorical strategies in a polemical defense of rabbinical authority. As a tenth-century writer who worked across multiple rhetorical traditions and genres, Saadya challenges the monocultural, Latin-language histories of medieval rhetoric, demonstrating the importance of investigating Arabic-language and Jewish rhetorics of the Middle Ages.

WESTERN EUROPEAN AND BYZANTINE SOURCES OF THE MIDDLE AGES ABOUT THE RELATIONS BETWEEN WESTERN AND EASTERN CHRISTIANS AND THE CAPTURE OF CONSTANTINOPLE BY THE CRUSADERS IN 1204

2021 ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Dmitriy M. Abramov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Western European ◽  
The Military ◽  
Detailed Picture ◽  
The Middle Ages

Historical sources and evidence of the eyewitnesses of the 4th crusade in many respects reflect the complexity and sharpness of the contradictions between the Western and Eastern Christendom at the turn of the 12th – 13th centuries. The evidence and narrations proceed from the most direct participants in the military events, broke out on the shore of the Bosporus in 1203–1204. The authors of those materials belonged to the two opposing camps, and therefore the analysis of those sources represents a sufficiently complete and detailed picture of the occurred tragedy. A thorough analysis of the sources makes it possible to at least partially see and comprehend the causes of the military confrontation between the Western and Eastern Christians, who represented – just a while ago, in the first half of the 11th century – the united Ecumenical Church. The sources vividly reflect the mood that prevailed in the crusaders’ encampment in April, 1204, hesitation and doubt of the bulk of the Cross Warriors who were not sure of the rightness of their actions in the preparation for the assault of Constantinople. Many of them understood that they would have to raise the sword against their fellow believers – the Christians of the East. But the most tragic outcome of the 1202–1204 Crusade was the crushing defeat of Constantinople by the Cross Warriors. For the Romans (Byzantines) that became the reason for the disintegration of the Roman Empire. For all Eastern Christians it indicated the demise of the capital of the Orthodox Christendom.

Vir Dei: secular sanctity in the early tenth century

1972 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 41-53
Author(s):  
Derek Baker
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Social Organisation ◽  
Life Crisis ◽  
Literary Convention ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Middle Ages

As recent anniversary studies have emphasised, the vir Dei, the man of God, has been a christian type since the time of St Antony, and whatever pre-christian elements were embodied in the Athanasian picture the Vita Antonii possessed a christian coherence and completeness which made of it the proto-type for a whole range of literature in late antiquity and the Middle Ages. In hagiography the Antonine sequence of early life, crisis and conversion, probation and temptation, privation and renunciation, miraculous power, knowledge and authority, is, in its essentials, repeated ad nauseam. Martin, Guthlac, Odo, Dunstan, Bernard are all, whatever their individual differences, forced into the same procrustean biographical mould: each is clearly qualified, and named, as vir Dei, and each exemplifies the same - and at times the pre-eminent – christian vocation. Yet if the insight provided by such literature into the mind of medieval man is instructive about his society and social organisation, and illuminating about his ideal aspirations, the literary convention itself is always limiting, and frequently misleading. As Professor Momigliano has said, ‘biography was never quite a part of historiography’, and one might add that hagiography is not quite biography.

scholarly journals The Concordia Novi Et Veteris Testamenti in its Juxtaposition of Illustrations: the Hitting of the Hammers of Tubalcain and the Hammering of the Nails into the Hands and Feet of Christ During the Crucifixione

2019 ◽  
Vol 66 (4 SELECTED PAPERS IN ENGLISH) ◽  
pp. 37-61
Author(s):  
Stanisław Kobielus
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Polish Version ◽  
History Of ◽  
Passion Of Christ ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Hands And Feet ◽  
The Middle Ages

The Polish version of the article was published in “Roczniki Humanistyczne,” vol. 61 (2013), issue 4. In the Gospels relating the passion of Christ, there is no description of the act of nailing Him to the cross, but there are clearly other biblical testimonies that nails were used for the crucifixion. In many representations, parallel to the nailing of the members of Christ to the cross or raising it with His body, we find placed alongside it, the scene of hammering iron with hammers by Tubal-Kain for the purpose of drawing out the appropriate tones. He hits on the anvil, while Jabal makes a notation of the tones. With this type of illustration, the sound of the hammers during the crucifixion of Christ meets with the sound of the hammers hitting the anvil. Hence, painting and music meet in the iconography of the crucifixion of Christ. It was a sort of Concordia Novi et Veteris Testamenti. In showing this prefiguration, there is also a going back to the history of Pythagoras. It was also an example for the functioning in the Middle Ages, and still later in the Renaissance, of the formulation of the Concordia divi Moysi et divini Platonis.

scholarly journals Las técnicas constructivas en las murallas medievales de Almería

X ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pedro Gurriarán Daza
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Eleventh Century ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Rammed Earth ◽  
Construction Techniques ◽  
Typical Scheme ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Middle Ages

Building techniques in the medieval walls of AlmeríaAlmería was one of the most important cities in al-Andalus, a circumstance that was possible thanks to the strength of its port. Its foundation as an urban entity during the Caliphate of Córdoba originated a typical scheme of an Islamic city organized by a medina and a citadel, both walled. Subsequent city’s growths, due to the creation of two large suburbs commencing in the eleventh century, also received defensive works, creating a system of fortifications that was destined to defend the place during the rest of the Middle Ages. In this work we will analyse the construction techniques used in these military works, which cover a wide period from the beginning of the tenth century until the end of the fifteenth century. Although ashlar stone was used in the Caliphate fortification, in most of these constructions bricklayer techniques were used, more modest but very useful. In this way, the masonry and rammed earth technique were predominant, giving rise to innumerable constructive phases that in recent times are being studied with archaeological methodology, thus to know better their evolution and main characteristics. 

The Japanese Village in the Seventeenth Century

1952 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Thomas C. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
The Body ◽  
Social Classes ◽  
Vital Function ◽  
The West ◽  
Social Body ◽  
The Social ◽  
Physical Barriers ◽  
The Middle Ages

As in the Middle Ages in the West, so in Tokugawa Japan (1600–1868) men were fond of explaining the hierarchical society in which they lived by comparing it to an organism. Social classes, Confucian scholars said, were like parts of the body: each had a vital function to perform, but their functions were essentially different and unequal in value. In this scheme the peasants were second in importance only to the ruling military class. Just as the samurai officials were the brains that guided other organs, so the peasants were the feet that held the social body erect. They were the “basis of the country,” the valued producers whose labor sustained all else. But, as a class, they tended innately to backsliding and extravagance. Left alone they would consume more than their share of the social income, ape the manners and tastes of their betters, and even encroach upon the functions of other classes to the perilous neglect of their own. Only the lash of necessity and the sharp eye of the official could hold them to their disagreeable role. They had to be bound to the land; social distinctions had to be thrown up around them like so many physical barriers; and, to remove all temptation to indolence and luxury, they had to be left only enough of what they produced to let them continue producing.

Garlic Burns

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 91 (3) ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
BEN-ZION GARTY
Keyword(s):  
Chest Pain ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Allium Sativum ◽  
Fifth Century ◽  
The Body ◽  
Babylonian Talmud ◽  
The Middle Ages

Five things have been said about garlic: it assauges hunger, warms the body, brings joy, increases virility and destroys intestinal lice. There are those who say that it engenders love and dispels envy. —Babylonian Talmud: Baba Kama (first gate) page 82 Garlic (Liliaceae Allium sativum) has been used for centuries by many cultures as a remedy for a variety of illnesses. Herodotus spoke about the medical use of garlic in Egypt, 3000 years BC. Hippocrates, in the fifth century BC, used garlic to treat a variety of infections, including leprosy, intestinal disorders, and chest pain. In the Middle Ages garlic was used for protection against the plague.

Inland Waterways and Coastal Transport: Landing Places, Canals and Bridges

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Gardiner
Keyword(s):  
Water Transport ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Indirect Evidence ◽  
Tenth Century ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
Archaeological Work ◽  
Marine Culture ◽  
The Middle Ages

Transport by water was the quickest and cheapest method to move goods in the Middle Ages, and linked together people even in distant parts of England. Trading places could arise in almost any place where boats could be hauled ashore, on either rivers or coastal estuaries. These were all potential places where people on land could come together to trade with those arriving by boat and ship. It is no coincidence that the rise in both inland and coastal transport dates to the tenth century, the period from which England became increasingly commercialized.The discussion of water transport is not limited to indirect evidence. Archaeological work has identified canals dug to allow the movement of boats up rivers and in marshland, and landing places where boats could be brought to the banks of rivers and the shore. The development of water-transport led to the development of a ‘marine culture’, a change in attitudes to the sea and ships.

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