Richard The Third, Act I, Scene 4

PMLA ◽  
1912 ◽  
Vol 27 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-141
Author(s):  
Robert Adger Law
Keyword(s):  
The Third ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common

The chief source of Shakespeare's tragedy of Richard the Third has long been acknowledged to be either Hall's or Holinshed's prose Chronicle. In addition, some echoes have been discovered in it of the Latin tragedy, Richardus Tertius, of the anonymous English True Tragedie of Richard the Third, and of Marlowe's play, Edward the Second. But for one of the longest and most impressive scenes in Shakespeare's drama, that in which Clarence in prison meets his death at the hands of two ruffians hired for the deed by his brother, the Duke of Gloucester, no source is generally known. For the basis of the entire scene, Hall's Chronicle, which is so close akin to most situations in the play, contains of Clarence's death merely the statement that “attainted was he by parliament and iudged to death, and there vpon hastely drowned in a butte of malmesey within the towre of London.” Mr. P. A. Daniel expresses the common opinion of Shakespearian scholars to-day in saying, “Shakespeare seems to have been indebted to his own imagination only, for the scene of Clarence in prison, his beautiful narrative of his dream, and the less happy dialogue of the murderers.”

scholarly journals III.—Morphological Studies on the Echinoidea Holectypoida and their Allies

1917 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 249-256
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Hawkins
Keyword(s):  
Common Origin ◽  
Normal Type ◽  
The Third ◽  
Morphological Studies ◽  
Apical System ◽  
The Common

The characters of the apical system of a series of Holectypus hemisphæricus from the same horizon at two localities in Dorsetshire are analysed and described. It is found that the average relations of the plates of the system are different at the two localities, although certain numbers of identical forms occur at both. Out of 189 specimens (from both localities), 40 show serious departures from the normal type. These abnormalities are of three classes. One, the most prevalent, consists in the presence of madreporic pores on genital 3, in addition to the normal perforation of genital 2. This is regarded as a “progressive variant” in the direction of Discoides. The second, occurring in three specimens, consists in the interpolation of a supernumerary plate within the system. It is suggested that this may be either a “regressive variant” towards Acrosalenia, or a “progressive variant” towards Nucleolites (as illustrated by N.orlicularis). In neither case would this variation coincide with actual phyletic sequence, so that it is styled “parallel variation”. The third type of variant, seen in one specimen only, combines both the first and second types, and in addition shows an absence of genital 5 and a corresponding increase in the size of the posterior oculars, which meet round the back of the system. The variation in this specimen is interpreted as being “progressive” towards Discoides, “parallel progressive” or “regressive” towards Nucleolites or Acrosalenia respectively, and “progressive” towards Conulus. There are indications of a different series of variants in the Holectypus depressus from the Cornbrash. The high percentage of variation in the composition of the apical system of Holectypus is regarded as an indication of the evolutional activity of the genus, and of its near approximation in time and phylogeny to the common origin of many of the groups of Irregular Echinoids.

The Christian character of Christian mystical experiences

1984 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-427
Author(s):  
Steven Payne
Keyword(s):  
Common Elements ◽  
Third Place ◽  
Cognitive Value ◽  
The Third ◽  
Affirmative Response ◽  
The Common ◽  
Mystical Experiences ◽  
Contemporary Writers ◽  
Mystical Literature

Are mystical states essentially ‘everywhere the same’? Though this question is notoriously obscure and difficult to answer, many contemporary writers on mysticism seem to favour an affirmative response to it, for a variety of reasons. First of all, some are impressed by the undeniable similarity in the testimony of mystics from widely divergent backgrounds and cultures; like most readers of mystical literature, they are deeply struck by the degree of apparent consensus between Christian, Hindu, and Buddhist contemplatives, for example. Secondly, there is a commendable desire in recent times to adopt a more positive and open-minded approach to other religions, and to acknowledge the value of their spiritual traditions; consequently, Christian authors today tend to focus on the common elements in Christian and non-Christian spiritualities, downplaying any differences. In the third place, those who wish to defend the cognitive value of mystical experiences on the basis of the ‘universal agreement’ of mystics will naturally maintain that there is a fundamental unanimity behind their different reports.

Latviešu metālmūzikas albumu nosaukumi

2021 ◽  
pp. 361-369
Author(s):  
Ingars Gusāns
Keyword(s):  
Current Situation ◽  
Creative Work ◽  
Distinctive Character ◽  
Literary Works ◽  
The Third ◽  
Metal Music ◽  
Local Character ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

The aim of the study is to describe the titles of Latvian metal music albums, from the perspective of content, by identifying the common and distinctive character of the metallic music tradition, and perhaps even the local one. Of 241 album titles (data on Dec. 31, 2019), most are in English, some in French, Latin, Russian, some consisting of digits, and 69 titles in Latvian. These titles are the subject of the research. The main source is Encyclopaedia Metallum (www.metal-archives.com), which still does not reflect the current situation concerning Latvian metal music. Album titles in this study are viewed separately from album designs and song titles and are analysed from the perspective of content. The album title is an important part of the work that has been issued because it is an element that makes the audience/buyer pay attention to the album because it must not be forgotten that today the album is also an item that you want to sell. In general, it can be concluded that Latvian metal musicians, with their album titles in Latvian, are mostly following world trends, as evidenced by the integration in the researcher Deena Weinstein’s classification of Dionysian discourse and discourse on chaos. Most titles are more relevant to the discourse on chaos because the thematic circle of chaos is wider. Latvian mythology, along with history, is an up-to-date source for the creative work of bands that is responsible for the local feeling of the titles. A large enough number are titles that are difficult to fit in the Weinstein’s division and form the third group with philosophical titles and simply all sorts of titles. If the philosophical titles follow the world’s trends, the simple titles include the names of the events, tributes, and the titles of literary works, which give them a local character.

scholarly journals Pro Bessarione poeta

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 357-368
Author(s):  
Hanna Zalewska-Jura
Keyword(s):  
Negative Opinion ◽  
The Future ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common

This article discusses the relatively unknown poetry of Bessarion, the future Cardinal. The author argues with a negative opinion of F. M. Pontani concerning the three epicedia on the death of Theodora Comnena. The author analyses the composition, artistic means of expression and intertextual links in order to revise the common opinion in the subject and to prove the presence of literary values in the mentioned poems.

scholarly journals ASYMPTOMATIC BACTERIURIA: CHANGE OF THE COMMON OPINION

2017 ◽  
pp. 162-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
I. M. Osmanov ◽  
E. B. Mumladze ◽  
E. B. Machneva ◽  
E. V. Tambieva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common

scholarly journals Bias against Vitamin C in Mainstream Medicine: Examples from Trials of Vitamin C for Infections

Life ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Harri Hemilä ◽  
Elizabeth Chalker
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Vitamin C ◽  
Common Cold ◽  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
The Third ◽  
Nutritional Recommendations ◽  
Mainstream Medicine ◽  
The Common ◽  
Based Medicine

Evidence has shown unambiguously that, in certain contexts, vitamin C is effective against the common cold. However, in mainstream medicine, the views on vitamin C and infections have been determined by eminence-based medicine rather than evidence-based medicine. The rejection of the demonstrated benefits of vitamin C is largely explained by three papers published in 1975—two published in JAMA and one in the American Journal of Medicine—all of which have been standard citations in textbooks of medicine and nutrition and in nutritional recommendations. Two of the papers were authored by Thomas Chalmers, an influential expert in clinical trials, and the third was authored by Paul Meier, a famous medical statistician. In this paper, we summarize several flaws in the three papers. In addition, we describe problems with two recent randomized trial reports published in JAMA which were presented in a way that misled readers. We also discuss shortcomings in three recent JAMA editorials on vitamin C. While most of our examples are from JAMA, it is not the only journal with apparent bias against vitamin C, but it illustrates the general views in mainstream medicine. We also consider potential explanations for the widespread bias against vitamin C.

scholarly journals AN ERROR ANALYSIS OF ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY (CASE STUDY AT UNIVERSITY MUHAMMADIYAH OF METRO)

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fenny - Thresia
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Error Analysis ◽  
English Writing ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Common ◽  
Learner Language

The purpose of this study was study analyze the students’ error in writing argumentative essay. The researcher focuses on errors of verb, concord and learner language. This study took 20 students as the subject of research from the third semester. The data took from observation and documentation. Based on the result of the data analysis there are some errors still found on the student’s argumentative essay in English writing? The common errors which repeatedly appear are verb. The second is concord, and learner languages are the smallest error. From 20 samples that took, the frequency the errors of verb are 12 items (60%), concord are 8 items (40%), learner languages are 7 items (35%). As a result, verb has the biggest number of common errors.

scholarly journals Are Some Modus Ponens Arguments Deductively Invalid?

2001 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas Walton
Keyword(s):  
Modus Ponens ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
The Common

This article concerns the structure of defeasible arguments like: 'If Bob has red spots, Bob has the measles; Bob has red spots; therefore Bob has the measles.' The issue is whether such arguments have the form of modus ponens or not. Either way there is a problem. If they don't have the form of modus ponens, the common opinion to the contrary taught in leading logic textbooks is wrong. But if they do have the form of modus ponens, doubts are raised about the conventional dogma that all arguments having the form of modus ponens are deductively valid. By carefully examining arguments on both sides of the issue, reasonable doubts are raised about the view that all arguments having a modus ponens form are valid.

scholarly journals KONTRAKT SPÓŁKI JAKO PODSTAWA ODPOWIEDZIALNOŚCI IN SOLIDUM W PRAWIE RZYMSKIM

2017 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 43
Author(s):  
Zuzanna Służewska
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
The Other ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Roman Law ◽  
Joint And Several Liability ◽  
Internal Relation ◽  
Common Opinion ◽  
Formal Procedure ◽  
The Common

THE CONTRACT OF PARTNERSHIP AS A BASE OF IN SOLIDUM LIABILITY IN ROMAN LAWSummary In the modern civil law joint and several liability of partners in a partnership is a rule rather than an exception. According to the common opinion this concept did not originate in the Roman law but was first invented in the medieval times by glossators and commentators. The Roman partnership created only a private relation between partners (who, due to a conclusion of that contract were reciprocally obliged to act together in accordance with a good faith in order to conduct common business and to divide profits and bear losses in proportion to their respective shares) and its conclusion did not affect their liability against third parties. The partners had no right to bind themselves contractually to any third parties, unless they all acted jointly (in this case, however, their joint representation was derived from their expressed declarations and not the existence of a contract o f partnership). Thus, any commitment made by an individual partner, even if made within the scope of a partnership having obtained other partners’ consent, was treated as a personal debt of this partner and the remaining partners were not liable against his contractor. Then, of course, the partner who made a commitment (acting within the partnership’s business) could claim a part of what he had paid to a third party from other partners in proportion to their respective shares in the common enterprise.Such a solution was necessary because of the purely consensual character o f the Roman partnership and the lack of any formal procedure of its conclusion and dissolution. The existence of that contract could not affect the model of the external liability of partners, because it would be too risky for third parties, which had no possibility to make sure if a contract of partnership between some persons had been actually concluded or not. Thus, the role of a contract of partnership in the Roman law was only limited to determine a mutual liability o f partners, to specify their respective rights and obligations and to define the scope of their liability against other partners.There are only a few written sources concerning so called specific kinds of partnership characterized by untypical joint and several responsibility of partners. Moreover these texts are not very clear and are difficult to interpret, so the issue of specific kinds of a partnership is a matter of doubts among Romanists. Some authors even believe that the specific types of partnership did not exist in the Roman law at all.It should be firstly observed that the texts regarding a contract of partnership itself (the texts included in the title pro socio of Justinian’ Digest) did not raise the question of the external liability of partners because they were devoted to internal settlement o f accounts within sociu Thus, taking into account only these texts one cannot ascertain that a conclusion of a contract of partnership could not affect in any way the model of the partners’ liability against third parties.Secondly, the other texts concerning the regulation of conducting an economic activity in the Roman law (actio institoria, actio exercitoria and actio de peculio) present some regularity in an introduction of joint and several liability of debtors.On the one hand that model of the liability was introduced in situations in which protecting safety of trade required that the creditor be able to claim a whole amount o f the debt from one person only.On the other hand this model of liability could be introduced only in these cases in which some internal relation existed between several debtors. On the grounds of such relations the debtor who satisfied in full the creditor’s claim could sue other debtors in order to recover their respective parts in the debt. In the Roman law that internal relation that guaranteed the possibility of a recourse could be either a joint-ownership or a partnership.Having considered that, one may say that the texts concerning specific kinds o f partnership do not prove existence of any special type of societas. These sources regard only the situations when a joint and several liability between several debtors was introduced because it was justified by the circumstances: that is the necessity to protect the safety of trade on one hand and the existence of the contract of partnership that guaranteed a possibility to realize the recourse, on the other.In conclusion one may say that although a closing of a contract of partnership did not create a joint and several liability of partners, in some cases its existence was decisive for introducing this model of liability since it guaranteed to every party a possibility to act against the others to obtain the recourse. Thus, Roman jurisprudence made an important step towards the future introduction o f joint and several liability of partners as a rule of a civil law.

European Coal and Steel Community

1955 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 595-596
Keyword(s):  
Medical Research ◽  
The Other ◽  
Living Standard ◽  
Association Agreement ◽  
Housing Projects ◽  
The Third ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
The Common ◽  
Foreign Ministers ◽  
Opening Address

Common AssemblyThe third ordinary session of the Common Assembly of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) reconvened from June 21 to 24, 1955. In his opening address Mr. Rene Mayer, newly elected president of the High Authority of the ECSC, expressed general agreement with the policy resolutions passed by the Common Assembly at its May meeting, and specifically mentioned resolutions on cartels, on implementation of the association agreement with the United Kingdom, and on action to improve the living standard of the workers in the ECSC countries, in regard to which he announced that the High Authority would shortly conclude two loans to finance new workers' housing projects–one of $4,000,000 in Belgium and the other of just over $4,000,000 in Germany. In addition, $300,000 were to be allocated for medical research. In commenting on the Messina conference of foreign ministers, Mr. Mayer said that the High Authority welcomed the decision to explore means of extending the single market. At the same time, he warned the Assembly to expect resistance to changes as the Community developed.

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