Ecology and Control of Russian Thistle (Salsola iberica) After Spring Wheat Harvest

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 381-385 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Schillinger
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wheat Grain ◽  
Dry Biomass ◽  
Untreated Check ◽  
Salsola Iberica ◽  
And Control ◽  
Control Erosion

Russian thistle is the most problematic broadleaf weed for spring-sown crops in the low-precipitation (< 340 mm yr−1) region of the inland Pacific Northwest of the United States. A 6-yr field experiment was conducted at Lind, WA, to evaluate three postharvest control strategies for Russian thistle in continuous annual spring wheat. Postharvest treatments were (1) tillage with low-disturbance overlapping undercutter V-blade sweeps; (2) paraquat + diuron at the labeled rate, which is widely used by farmers; and (3) an untreated check (letting Russian thistle grow unhindered). The undercutter V-sweep consistently killed all Russian thistle with essentially no residue burial, and no seed was produced. In contrast, the paraquat + diuron treatment halted Russian thistle dry biomass production, but plants continued to extract soil water and produce an average of 310 seeds m−2on the lower branches. In the check, Russian thistle produced an average of 700 kg ha−1postharvest dry biomass and 5,670 seeds m−2. The undercutter V-sweep treatment had significantly more water in the 180-cm soil profile at time of wheat harvest, after a killing frost in October, and in mid March as well as greater spring wheat grain yield compared with the herbicide and check treatments. Results show that postharvest tillage with an undercutter V-sweep consistently achieved 100% control, retained ample wheat residue on the surface to control erosion, and was by far the most effective treatment in this experiment.

A Methodology for Identifying Ergonomics Risk Factors and Measuring the Results of Implementation of Corrective Actions

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 717-721
Author(s):  
Marilyn Joyce ◽  
Andrew J. Marcotte ◽  
Richard Barker ◽  
Edward J. Klinenberg
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
The United States ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Office Environments ◽  
And Control ◽  
Administrative Tasks

A methodology for identifying ergonomics risk factors and control strategies in office environments has been developed and pilot tested. Developed as part of an overall ergonomics program being implemented by the United States Air Force, the employees impacted include both civilian and military personnel performing a wide range of administrative tasks typically performed in offices. The research design included: a focused literature review; strategic site visits; and review of criteria established by the Air Force; an iterative developmental process of a Screening Survey and an Ergonomics Assessment Methodology Guide; and testing. The results indicate that the process can be used as an effective means for identifying and controlling ergonomics hazards in administrative work areas.

scholarly journals An Assessment Model for Rating High-Threat Crop Pathogens

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (6) ◽  
pp. 616-621 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. W. Schaad ◽  
J. Abrams ◽  
L. V. Madden ◽  
R. D. Frederick ◽  
D. G. Luster ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Threat Assessment ◽  
The United States ◽  
Assessment Model ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Rating Model ◽  
And Control ◽  
High Threat

Natural, accidental, and deliberate introductions of nonindigenous crop pathogens have become increasingly recognized as threats to the U.S. economy. Given the large number of pathogens that could be introduced, development of rapid detection methods and control strategies for every potential agent would be extremely difficult and costly. Thus, to ensure the most effective direction of resources a list of high-threat pathogens is needed. We address development of a pathogen threat assessment model based on the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) that can be applied world-wide, using the United States as an illustrative example. Previously, the AHP has been shown to work well for strategic planning and risk assessment. Using the collective knowledge of subject matter expert panels incorporated into commercial decision-making software, 17 biological and economic criteria were determined and given weights for assessing the threat of accidental or deliberately introduced pathogens. The rating model can be applied by experts on particular crops to develop threat lists, especially those of high priority, based on the current knowledge of individual diseases.

scholarly journals 013 Investigations of Curative and Peventive Control Strategies for Fairy Ring Disease in Turfgrass

HortScience ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 390B-390
Author(s):  
M. Fidanza ◽  
P. Colbaugh ◽  
H. Couch ◽  
M. Elliott ◽  
S. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Control Strategies ◽  
Field Research ◽  
The United States ◽  
Preventive Program ◽  
Putting Greens ◽  
Disease Symptoms ◽  
Nitrogen Fertility ◽  
High Pressure Injection ◽  
And Control ◽  
Basidiomycete Fungi

Fairy ring has become a troublesome and persistent disease on golf course putting greens and other turf areas in most regions of the United States. Many basidiomycete fungi are associated with this destructive disease in turfgrass. Recent widespread epidemics of fairy ring have led investigators to examine possible management and control options. Curative approaches include topical flutolanil fungicide applications in conjunction with soil surfactants, the application of flutolanil under high-pressure injection, and the use of nitrogen fertility programs. These curative programs were effective at suppressing visual symptoms and turfgrass injury. A preventive approach evaluated repeat applications of flutolanil plus a soil surfactant prior to disease development. This preventive program was effective at eliminating visual disease symptoms on bermudagrass putting greens. Information presented will review results from field research studies conducted over the past 3 years in Florida, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas, and Virginia.

scholarly journals Resistance and Tolerance of Landrace Wheat in Fields Infested with Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei

Plant Disease ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 98 (6) ◽  
pp. 797-805 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard W. Smiley ◽  
Jennifer A. Gourlie ◽  
Guiping Yan ◽  
Karl E. L. Rhinhart
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Economic Loss ◽  
The United States ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Field Resistance ◽  
Pratylenchus Neglectus ◽  
Species Dominance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Controlled Environments

Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei reduce wheat yields in the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Resistant landrace cultivars have been identified using controlled environments. Field resistance and tolerance characteristics were compared over 3 years and two locations for four spring wheat cultivars: the susceptible ‘Alpowa’ and ‘Louise’ and the resistant landraces AUS28451 and Persia 20. Proportions and densities of P. neglectus and P. thornei differed across seasons and locations. Resistance was evaluated by comparing preplant and postharvest densities of nematodes in soil. Tolerance was evaluated by comparing grain yield and grain quality in plots treated or untreated by the nematicide aldicarb. Alpowa was susceptible and intolerant, Louise was susceptible and moderately tolerant, AUS28451 was resistant and intolerant, and Persia 20 was moderately susceptible and moderately intolerant. The species dominance shifted from P. neglectus to P. thornei in one field over a period of 3 years in apparent response to cultivars and crops planted. Estimates of economic loss caused by Pratylenchus spp. ranged from $8 to $20/ha. Economic benefits appear to be achievable by developing a spring wheat genotype with tolerance plus resistance, such as with a cross between AUS28451 and Louise.

scholarly journals Modeling the COVID-19 Epidemic With Multi-Population and Control Strategies in the United States

2022 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deshun Sun ◽  
Xiaojun Long ◽  
Jingxiang Liu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Basic Reproductive Number ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Cumulative Number ◽  
And Control ◽  
Sensitive Parameters

As of January 19, 2021, the cumulative number of people infected with coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) in the United States has reached 24,433,486, and the number is still rising. The outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic has not only affected the development of the global economy but also seriously threatened the lives and health of human beings around the world. According to the transmission characteristics of COVID-19 in the population, this study established a theoretical differential equation mathematical model, estimated model parameters through epidemiological data, obtained accurate mathematical models, and adopted global sensitivity analysis methods to screen sensitive parameters that significantly affect the development of the epidemic. Based on the established precise mathematical model, we calculate the basic reproductive number of the epidemic, evaluate the transmission capacity of the COVID-19 epidemic, and predict the development trend of the epidemic. By analyzing the sensitivity of parameters and finding sensitive parameters, we can provide effective control strategies for epidemic prevention and control. After appropriate modifications, the model can also be used for mathematical modeling of epidemics in other countries or other infectious diseases.

Viral Cancers and Behavior

2021 ◽  
pp. 43-50
Author(s):  
Susan T. Vadaparampil ◽  
Lindsay N. Fuzzell ◽  
Shannon M. Christy ◽  
Monica L. Kasting ◽  
Julie Rathwell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lifestyle Behaviors ◽  
Antiretroviral Medications ◽  
B Virus ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Infectious Cancer ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
And Control

One in every six cancers globally can be attributed to an infection. Human papillomavirus (HPV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) play a role in the development of over 1.2 million new cancers each year and are responsible for nearly 50% of the infectious cancer burden in the United States. Virus-attributable cancers occur more frequently in those living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The chapter reviews high-risk lifestyle behaviors, including high number of lifetime sexual partners and injection drug use, that increase the risk of acquiring HPV, HBV, HCV, and HIV. It reviews prevention and control strategies for these viruses and associated cancers, including lifestyle behaviors, vaccination, screening, and/or appropriate use of antiretroviral medications.

scholarly journals Reoccurrence of Rose Bloom Caused by Exobasidium oxycocci in Cranberry in Massachusetts

Plant Disease ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. L. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Bordeaux Mixture ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Common Disease ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Rhopobota Naevana ◽  
Management Recommendations ◽  
And Control

Cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) vines (cv. Howes) from a commercial cranberry bed on Nantucket Island displayed typical symptoms of rose bloom disease in June, 1997. The affected area (1.5 × 30.0 m) consisted of less than 1% symptomatic uprights and was not covered by sprinkler heads of the chemigation system. The same area that did not receive insecticides or fungicides was damaged by black-headed fireworm (Rhopobota naevana) feeding during the 1996 growing season. The surface of the leaves on the abnormal branches displayed the typical white, powdery external appearance, which consisted of basidia and basidiospores of the pathogen Exobasidium oxycocci Rostr. ex Shear that were hyaline, fusiform with a slight curvature, and measured 14 to 18 × 2 to 3 μm, matching a previous description (2). Plants showing symptoms had been infected during 1996. Abnormal lateral shoots with swollen pink leaves grew from infected axillary buds on the previous year's wood (3). Cranberry plants were inoculated with basidiospores but symptoms may take longer than 1 year to develop. Rose bloom was formerly a common disease affecting cranberry in Massachusetts and control strategies were addressed in the disease management recommendations sent out by the Cranberry Experiment Station to growers through 1954. Bergman (1) reported that the disease was found almost every year before 1945, but since then there were no serious outbreaks, possibly due to changes in cultural practices. The fungicide ferbam (ferric dithiocarbamate) largely replaced Bordeaux mixture as a fungicide to combat fruit rot in the late 1940s. The disease was not brought in with imported vines from the Pacific Northwest, where the disease is common, because the vines in this bed were planted in 1910. The disease has not been observed in either wild or abandoned cranberry beds that have not received fungicide applications. This is the first report of this disease in Massachusetts in nearly 50 years. References: (1) H. F. Bergman. 1953. Yearbook of Agriculture, p. 792. (2) F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. 1995. Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (3) C. L. Shear et al. 1931. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 258.

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