The Relationship Between Deer Density, Tick Abundance, and Human Cases of Lyme Disease in a Residential Community

2014 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 777-784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard J. Kilpatrick ◽  
Andrew M. Labonte ◽  
Kirby C. Stafford
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Deer Density ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals The Spiritual Quality in Facilitating a Transformation Towards Integral Sustainability: The Case of Real Estate Development

MANUSYA ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Tanapon Panthasen ◽  
John Motloch ◽  
Vimolsiddhi Horayangkura
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
Integral Transformation ◽  
Spiritual Transformation ◽  
Real Estate Development ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Real Estate Sector ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

This study is intended to analyze and describe the relationship between the quality of spirituality and the quality of sustainability through the study of residential community developments in the real estate sector. Based on integral theories, this study explores three communities globally and three communities in Thailand. According to the data, gained mainly from in-depth interviews, questionnaires and observation, the findings show that an integral transformation towards a higher degree of sustainability has occurred, which embraces a spiritual, behavioral, cultural, social and environmental dimension. The findings also show that spiritual transformation has been the primary factor enabling this occurrence. Accordingly, this study offers suggestions for facilitating a transformation towards integral sustainability.

scholarly journals Natural Lyme disease cycles maintained via sheep by co-feeding ticks

Parasitology ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 115 (6) ◽  
pp. 591-599 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. H. OGDEN ◽  
P. A. NUTTALL ◽  
S. E. RANDOLPH
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Experimental Evidence ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Female Tick ◽  
Experimental Transmission ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Questing Ticks ◽  
Transmission Studies ◽  
Systemic Infections

We present observational and experimental evidence that cycles of the Lyme disease spirochaete, Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., can be maintained by sheep in the virtual absence of alternative hosts. A 2-year field study in upland moorland habitats of northwest UK established that sheep feed up to 80% of larval, >99% of nymphal and all of the adult female tick (Ixodes ricinus) population. Infection prevalence of B. burgdorferi in questing ticks reaches over 20%, but amplification of infection occurs principally as nymphs (20- to 30-fold), rather than larvae (4- to 7-fold), feed on sheep, and transmission from sheep to ticks occurred only during peak tick abundance in May and September. Experimental transmission studies confirmed that sheep, previously exposed to infected ticks on the moorland site, do not support systemic infections of B. burgdorferi, but they can transmit localized infections from infected to uninfected ticks co-feeding at the same site on the sheep's body.

Winter habitat selection by white-tailed deer on Anticosti Island 2: relationship between deer density from an aerial survey and the proportion of balsam fir forest on vegetation maps

2004 ◽  
Vol 82 (4) ◽  
pp. 671-676 ◽  
Author(s):  
François Potvin ◽  
Barry Boots
Keyword(s):  
Habitat Management ◽  
Abies Balsamea ◽  
Window Size ◽  
Aerial Survey ◽  
Balsam Fir ◽  
Winter Habitat ◽  
Deer Density ◽  
Vegetation Maps ◽  
Anticosti Island ◽  
The Relationship

Determining at what scale to operate and how much cover is needed are important questions for winter habitat management of white-tailed deer, Odocoileus virginianus (Zimmermann, 1780), through logging. We used binary cover maps (reclassified forest vegetation maps) and windows of different sizes (0.2 km × 0.2 km, 0.5 km × 0.5 km, 1 km × 1 km, 2 km × 2 km, and 3 km × 3 km) to describe the relationship between deer density from an aerial survey and the proportion of balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) P. Mill., forest (BF) cover in a 270-km2 block on Anticosti Island, Quebec. Maximum white-tailed deer densities reached were quite similar (31–34 deer/km2) irrespective of window size, except for the 3 km × 3 km window for which maximum density remained half lower. Density increased with the amount of BF cover and then reached a plateau above 60% or 70% (two smaller windows) or decreased above 50% or 60% (1 km × 1 km and 2 km × 2 km windows). Results confirm goals previously used for habitat management of deeryards. This new method allows greater flexibility in research applications for describing density–cover relationships because both scale and proportion of cover can be analysed simultaneously.

scholarly journals Investigating the relationship between environmental factors and tick abundance in a small, highly heterogeneous region

2015 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Simone Del Fabbro ◽  
Sergio Gollino ◽  
Michel Zuliani ◽  
Francesco Nazzi
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Heterogeneous Region ◽  
The Relationship

Vegetation structure influences the burden of immature Ixodes dammini on its main host, Peromyscus leucopus

Parasitology ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Adler ◽  
S. R. Telford ◽  
M. L. Wilson ◽  
A. Spielman
Keyword(s):  
Principal Components ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Habitat Structure ◽  
Peromyscus Leucopus ◽  
Herbaceous Vegetation ◽  
Tick Abundance ◽  
Main Host ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Human Babesiosis ◽  
Habitat Variables

To determine whether the relative abundance of immature Ixodes dammini (the vector of Lyme disease and human babesiosis) is related to habitat structure, we examined tick burdens on their main host, the white-footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), in 4 structurally diverse sites on Great Island, Massachusetts, USA. Vegetation structure at each site was quantified with respect to 25 habitat variables. Principal components analysis was used to reduce this set of habitat variables to seven new and orthogonal variables. Immature tick abundance varied widely among grids. Regression analysis of tick burdens on the habitat principal components showed that larval burdens were related strongly to the density of woody vegetation and negatively to herbaceous vegetation. Nymphal burdens were related negatively to herbaceous vegetation, but the relationship was not as strong as in the case of larvae. An experimental reduction in the abundance of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), the main host of adult ticks, substantially reduced tick burdens and altered their relationships to habitat structure. Nymphal burdens were unrelated to habitat structure following deer removal. Manipulating habitat structure may have utility as a control strategy against this important vector.

scholarly journals Experimental Evidence for Opposing Effects of High Deer Density on Tick-Borne Pathogen Prevalence and Hazard

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Louise Gandy ◽  
Elizabeth Kilbride ◽  
Roman Biek ◽  
Caroline Millins ◽  
Lucy Gilbert
Keyword(s):  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Dilution Effect ◽  
High Density ◽  
Infection Prevalence ◽  
Vegetation Height ◽  
Deer Density ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Tick Reproduction ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background: Identifying the mechanisms driving disease risk is challenging for multi-host pathogens, such as Borrelia burgdorferi s.l., the tick-borne bacteria causing Lyme disease. Deer are tick reproduction hosts but do not transmit B. burgdorferi s.l., whereas rodents and birds are competent transmission hosts. Here, we use a long-term deer exclosure experiment to test three mechanisms for how high deer density might shape B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence in ticks: increased prevalence due to higher larval tick densities facilitating high transmission on rodents (M1); alternatively, reduced B. burgdorferi s.l. prevalence because more larval ticks feed on deer rather than transmission-competent rodents (dilution effect) (M2), potentially due to ecological cascades, whereby higher deer grazing pressure lowers vegetation which decreases rodent abundance thus reducing transmission (M3).Methods: In a large enclosure where red deer stags were kept at high density (32.5 deer/km²), we used an experimental design consisting of eight plots of 0.23ha, four being fenced to simulate the absence of deer and four that were accessible to deer. In each plot we measured the density of questing nymphs and nymphal infection prevalence in spring, summer and autumn and quantified vegetation height and density, and small mammal abundance Results: Prevalence tended to be lower, though not conclusively so, in high deer density plots compared to exclosures (predicted prevalence of 1.0% vs 2.2%), suggesting that the dilution (M2) and cascade (M3) mechanisms might outweigh the increased opportunities for transmission (M1). Presence of deer at high density led to lower vegetation and fewer rodents, consistent with an ecological cascade. However, Lyme disease hazard (density of infected I. ricinus nymphs) was five times higher in high deer density plots due to tick density being 18 times higher.Conclusion: High densities of tick reproduction hosts such as deer can drive up vector-borne disease hazard, despite the potential to simultaneously reduce pathogen prevalence. This has implications for environmental pathogen management and for deer management, although the impact of intermediate deer densities now needs testing.

scholarly journals Migrating (Grand)Parents, Intergenerational Relationships and Neo-Familism in China

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-55
Author(s):  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Yu Huang
Keyword(s):  
Filial Piety ◽  
Family Relations ◽  
Intergenerational Relationships ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Intergenerational Relationship ◽  
Residential Community ◽  
Work Intervention ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Depth Interviews

Based on a case study in one residential community in Shenzhen, China, this article explores the relationship between the migration of elder (grand)parents and the intergenerational relationship between the elders and their adult children. Specifically, we analyse how the intergenerational relationship influences and is influenced by the migration of the elders. The empirical data consists of eight qualitative in-depth interviews with elder migrants, who primarily migrated for helping with childcare. The analysis is embedded in theoretical discussions around Chinese descending/neo-familism (Yan, 2011, 2016), which depicts the significant changes that have taken place in Chinese family life, and new perceptions on the traditional ideals and norms regarding family relations in China (e.g. the notion of filial piety). Based on the analysis, this article argues that the migration of the elder (grand)parents is one specific form of descending/neo-familism, which entails an intergenerational solidarity that builds upon intimacy, with the focus and meaning of life flow downward to the third generation, as well as entailing aspects of self-salvation (Yan, 2017). However, it also identifies tensions between the generations that are further intensified by the migration, most notably the elder generation’s loss of autonomy and authority within the joint family structure. Furthermore, this article also raises some suggestions for social work intervention for this group.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document