Anthropogenic selection pressures and the consequences of sublethal pesticide usage

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leena Lindstrom
Keyword(s):  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Pesticide Usage ◽  
Anthropogenic Selection

The bottleneck may be the solution, not the problem

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnon Lotem ◽  
Oren Kolodny ◽  
Joseph Y. Halpern ◽  
Luca Onnis ◽  
Shimon Edelman
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Recent Theory ◽  
Cognitive Mechanisms ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Biological Trait ◽  
Memory Bottleneck

AbstractAs a highly consequential biological trait, a memory “bottleneck” cannot escape selection pressures. It must therefore co-evolve with other cognitive mechanisms rather than act as an independent constraint. Recent theory and an implemented model of language acquisition suggest that a limit on working memory may evolve to help learning. Furthermore, it need not hamper the use of language for communication.

Chinese and American Individuals’ Mate Selection Pressures: Self-Focused vs. Mate-Focused

2017 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruoxi Chen ◽  
Fred P. Piercy ◽  
John K. Miller ◽  
Jason P. Austin
Keyword(s):  
Mate Selection ◽  
Selection Pressures

scholarly journals Pesticide Usage Is Compromising People’s Health in the United States: Ideas for Reducing Damages

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 486
Author(s):  
Terence J. Centner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Proactive Approach ◽  
Registration Process ◽  
Synthetic Pesticides ◽  
Pesticide Usage ◽  
Pesticide Registration

The development of synthetic pesticides has provided new tools for addressing troublesome pests. A review of parts of the registration process for pesticides in the United States identifies an outdated evaluation system that undervalues health damages. Registration fails to adequately consider co‑formulants and effects of exposure to multiple chemicals. Frustration with failures to protect people and property from damages accompanying pesticide usage has led injured plaintiffs to resort to tort lawsuits to secure relief. However, litigation involves compensating injured persons after they are injured rather than preventing injury. A more proactive approach would be to prevent situations that injure people. This paper offers four ideas to reduce health damages accompanying pesticide usage. Slight adjustments to pesticide registration requirements can offer greater protection for people’s health.

scholarly journals Genetic diversity and evolution of hepatitis C virus – 15 years on

2004 ◽  
Vol 85 (11) ◽  
pp. 3173-3188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Simmonds
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Hepatitis C Virus ◽  
Hepatitis C ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
Large Population ◽  
Sequence Divergence ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Host Interactions ◽  
Persistent Viruses ◽  
The Face

In the 15 years since the discovery of hepatitis C virus (HCV), much has been learned about its role as a major causative agent of human liver disease and its ability to persist in the face of host-cell defences and the immune system. This review describes what is known about the diversity of HCV, the current classification of HCV genotypes within the family Flaviviridae and how this genetic diversity contributes to its pathogenesis. On one hand, diversification of HCV has been constrained by its intimate adaptation to its host. Despite the >30 % nucleotide sequence divergence between genotypes, HCV variants nevertheless remain remarkably similar in their transmission dynamics, persistence and disease development. Nowhere is this more evident than in the evolutionary conservation of numerous evasion methods to counteract the cell's innate antiviral defence pathways; this series of highly complex virus–host interactions may represent key components in establishing its ‘ecological niche’ in the human liver. On the other hand, the mutability and large population size of HCV enables it to respond very rapidly to new selection pressures, manifested by immune-driven changes in T- and B-cell epitopes that are encountered on transmission between individuals with different antigen-recognition repertoires. If human immunodeficiency virus type 1 is a precedent, future therapies that target virus protease or polymerase enzymes may also select very rapidly for antiviral-resistant mutants. These contrasting aspects of conservatism and adaptability provide a fascinating paradigm in which to explore the complex selection pressures that underlie the evolution of HCV and other persistent viruses.

scholarly journals Environmental Selection Pressures Related to Iron Utilization Are Involved in the Loss of the Flavodoxin Gene from the Plant Genome

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 750-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. Pierella Karlusich ◽  
Romina D. Ceccoli ◽  
Martín Graña ◽  
Héctor Romero ◽  
Néstor Carrillo
Keyword(s):  
Plant Genome ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Environmental Selection ◽  
Iron Utilization
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