Reduced Risk Insecticides to Control Scale Insects and Protect Natural Enemies in the Production and Maintenance of Urban Landscape Plants

2012 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 377-386 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Frank
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Landscape Plants ◽  
Reduced Risk

Identification of mealybugs, soft scale insects and their predators in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
A.M. Zongoma ◽  
D.B. Dangora ◽  
M. Sétamou ◽  
M.D. Alegbejo ◽  
O.J. Alabi
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Integrated Management ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Universal Primers ◽  
Grapevine Virus ◽  
Maconellicoccus Hirsutus ◽  
Anagyrus Kamali ◽  
Leafroll Disease ◽  
Ecological Region

Insect-vectored viruses are a major threat to grapevine production but there is a dearth of information on the occurrence and distribution of key grapevine pests in Nigeria. The recent detection of grapevine leafroll associated virus-1 (GLRaV-1), a known insect-vectored ampelovirus, in Nigeria elevates the importance of the identification of its potential vectors as a precursor to assessing the risk of grapevine leafroll disease spread. This study was conducted to determine the occurrence and diversity of potential vectors of grapevine viruses and their natural enemies in vineyards across the savannah agro-ecological region of Nigeria. Forty vineyard and nursery locations were surveyed during 2016 and 45 arthropod samples were collected. The samples were first morphologically identified, and DNA barcoding was conducted on a subset of 16 representative samples using universal primers specific to the Mitochondrial Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I (mtCOI) gene of most insects. The results indicated the presence of two species of scale insects (Parasaissetia nigra and Saissetia coffeae) and two mealybug species (Maconellicoccus hirsutus and Ferrisia virgata), some ofwhich are potential grapevine virus vectors, in Nigerian vineyards. In addition, the natural enemies of these insect species were detected which includes three species of parasitoids (Anagyrus kamali, Anagyrus pseudococci and Encarsia inaron) and one predator (Hyperaspidius mimus). While the detection of mealybugs and scale insects underscore the risk of vector-mediated virus spread in Nigerian vineyards, the identification of their natural enemies indicates presence of natural biological control agents to facilitate an integrated management of economically important grapevine virus diseases in the country. Keywords: Mealybugs; scale insects; parasitoids and predators; insect vectors; grapevine viruses.

scholarly journals Exotic urban trees conserve similar natural enemy communities to native congeners but have fewer pests

PeerJ ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. e6531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven D. Frank ◽  
Kristi M. Backe ◽  
Casey McDaniel ◽  
Matthew Green ◽  
Sarah Widney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Native Species ◽  
Urban Trees ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Exotic Trees ◽  
Exotic Tree ◽  
Native Tree Species ◽  
Arthropod Pest

Urban trees serve a critical conservation function by supporting arthropod and vertebrate communities but are often subject to arthropod pest infestations. Native trees are thought to support richer arthropod communities than exotic trees but may also be more susceptible to herbivorous pests. Exotic trees may be less susceptible to herbivores but provide less conservation value as a consequence. We tested the hypotheses that native species in Acer and Quercus would have more herbivorous pests than exotic congeners and different communities of arthropod natural enemies. The density of scale insects, common urban tree pests, was greatest on a native Acer and a native Quercus than exotic congeners in both years of our research (2012 and 2016) and sometimes reached damaging levels. However, differences in predator and parasitoid abundance, diversity, and communities were not consistent between native and exotic species in either genus and were generally similar. For example, in 2012 neither predator nor parasitoid abundance differed among native and exotic Acer congeners but in 2016 a native species, A. saccharum, had the least of both groups. A native, Q. phellos, had significantly more predators and parasitoids in 2012 than its native and exotic congeners but no differences in 2016. Parasitoid communities were significantly different among Acer species and Quercus species due in each case to greater abundance of a single family on one native tree species. These native and exotic tree species could help conserve arthropod natural enemies and achieve pest management goals.

scholarly journals The effect of copper on the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat insecticide on kiwifruit

2015 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
D.B. Horgan ◽  
R.E. Gaskin
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Bacterial Disease ◽  
Systemic Insecticide ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Commercial Copper ◽  
Effect Of Copper ◽  
Spray Applications

Spirotetramat (Movento) is a systemic insecticide that is used to control scale insects on kiwifruit The use of protectant copper sprays on kiwifruit has become increasingly common due to the bacterial disease Pseudomonas syringae pv actinidiae This study investigated the interaction of copper with spirotetramat and how it influenced the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat within the plant Movento 100SC sprays should not be tank with copper sprays because the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat is likely to be compromised These negative effects were minimised when an organosilicone/organic fluid blend adjuvant (DuWett) was included in the tank mix Preand post spray applications of copper at least 1 week either side of spirotetramat applications are unlikely to significantly affect the uptake and translocation of spirotetramat and thus have any effect on its activity There were no marked differences between two commercial copper formulations in their effects on spirotetramat uptake but minor differences in translocation were observed

scholarly journals Natural enemies of armored scales (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) and soft scales (Hemiptera: Coccoidae) in Chile: molecular and morphological identification

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Amouroux ◽  
D. Crochard ◽  
M.C.G. Correa ◽  
G. Groussier ◽  
P. Kreiter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Biological Control ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Integrative Taxonomy ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Morphological Identification ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Predator Species ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
First Time

AbstractScale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are key pests of agricultural crops and ornamental plants worldwide. Their populations are difficult to control, even with insecticides, due to their cryptic habits. Moreover, there is growing concern over the use of synthetic pesticides for their control, due to deleterious environmental effects and the emergence of resistant populations of target pests. In this context, biological control may be an effective and sustainable approach. Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea includes natural enemies of scale insects that have been successfully used in many biological control programs. However, the correct identification of pest scale species and their natural enemies is particularly challenging because these insects are very small and highly specialized. Integrative taxonomy, coupling DNA barcoding and morphological analysis, has been successfully used to characterize pests and natural enemy species. In this study, we performed a survey of parasitoids and predators of armored and soft scales in Chile, based on 28S and COI barcodes. Fifty-three populations of Diaspididae and 79 populations of Coccidae were sampled over the entire length of the country, from Arica (18°S) to Frutillar (41°S), between January 2015 and February 2016. The phylogenetic relationships obtained by Bayesian inference from multilocus haplotypes revealed 40 putative species of Chalcidoidea, five Coccinellidae and three Neuroptera. In Chalcidoidea, 22 species were identified morphologically, resulting in new COI barcodes for 12 species and new 28S barcodes for 14 species. Two predator species (Rhyzobius lophantae and Coccidophilus transandinus) were identified morphologically, and two parasitoid species, Chartocerus niger and Signiphora bifasciata, were recorded for the first time in Chile.

scholarly journals Technologies to maximise preflower spray applications to control scale on kiwifruit

2009 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 279-284
Author(s):  
R.E. Gaskin ◽  
D.W.L. Manktelow ◽  
W. May ◽  
K.D. Steele
Keyword(s):  
Early Spring ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
Target Coverage ◽  
Spray Drift ◽  
Actinidia Chinensis ◽  
Control Scale ◽  
Scale Control ◽  
Spray Applications

The control of scale insects (Diaspididae) on kiwifruit (Actinidia chinensis) is difficult because scale inhabit sites not easily accessed by sprays Early spring insecticide applications which target scale living on the bark of canes and leader wood are vital to reduce populations prior to summer This study identified firstly that targeted Masotti gun dilute spray applications increased deposits on leader vines by approximately 30 which should result in improved scale control Secondly using the Masotti technology sprays applied at 2x concentrate with the addition of a superspreader adjuvant increased deposits on leader wood by >60 compared with standard volumes The use of Masotti guns concentrate spray applications and adjuvant addition did not increase offtarget spray drift and often reduced it in moderate winds Adjuvant cost can be offset against increases in workrate efficiency for concentrate sprays and increased deposits and target coverage are expected to improve scale control on kiwifruit leader vines from preflower spray applications

scholarly journals SURVEY OF SCALE INSECTS, MEALY BUGS AND ASSOCIATED NATURAL ENEMIES ON MULBERRY TREES IN THE NILE DELTA

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 1447-1458
Author(s):  
AHMED S. HENDAWY ◽  
IBRAHEM A. SAAD ◽  
REHAB H. TAHA
Keyword(s):  
Natural Enemies ◽  
Nile Delta ◽  
Scale Insects

scholarly journals (301) Bioavailability of Dairy Manure Compost Nutrients to Urban Landscape Plants

HortScience ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1023D-1023
Author(s):  
John Sloan ◽  
Cynthia McKenney ◽  
James McAfee ◽  
Wayne Mackay
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Nutrient Uptake ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Urban Landscapes ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Manure Compost ◽  
Landscape Plants

Dairy manure compost (DMC) may be an effective soil amendment when establishing new urban landscapes. The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioavailability of DMC nutrients to typical urban landscape plants. In March 2003, DMC rates of 0, 9, 18, and 27 kg/m2 (0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 cm) were incorporated into the top 10 to 15 cm of Austin silty clay soil. Half of each 6 x 6-m plot was established with bermudagrass sod and the other half with six types of ornamental plants consisting of annual, perennial, and woody species. During the third 2005 growing season, plant tissue was harvested from selected landscape plants to measure biomass production and nutrient uptake. Plant growth and nutrient contents were compared to plant available soil nutrients that were measured during fall 2004 and 2005. Plant available P in the upper 7.5 cm of soil ranged from 89 to 170 mg/kg in September 2004 and from 31.3 to 105.5 mg/kg in August 2004. Potassium and trace elements (Fe, Cu, and Zn) were also increased in the upper 7.5 cm by DMC applications. Increased concentrations of plant available soil nutrients in DMC-amended plots were correlated to overall increases in plant growth and nutrient uptake. Bermuda grass exhibited increased growth and increased tissue concentrations of N, P, K, and Zn. Penta biomass and nutrient uptake were also increased by DMC applications. Lantana stem weights significantly increased with DMC application rate up to 18 kg/m2, but no additional increases were obtained with the 27 kg/m2 rate. Results of this study show that, after three growing seasons with no additional fertilization, a 1- to 2-cm application of dairy manure compost is sufficient to provide continued fertility to landscape plants.

Laboratory studies on the biology of Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmel.) (Hem., Diaspididae) and of its parasite Aphytis maculicornis (Masi) (Hym., Aphelinidae)

1971 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rafiq Ahmad ◽  
M. A. Ghani
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Natural Enemies ◽  
The United States ◽  
Scale Insects ◽  
United States Department ◽  
Potential Importance ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Department Of Agriculture ◽  
States Department

During 1963–69 the United States Department of Agriculture sponsored investigations on scale insects and their natural enemies in West Pakistan.* In the course of the survey Lepidosaphes conchiformis (Gmel.)† was collected from several localities. It occurred sporadically, but infestations were heavy on most of the plants on which it was found. In the hills it was commonly parasitised by Aphytis maculicornis (Masi). The potential importance of the scale and its parasite merited laboratory studies at Rawalpindi.

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