scholarly journals Differences in the Relationship Between Sensory Adaptation of Antennae and Concentration of Aerial Pheromone in the Oriental Fruit Moth and Obliquebanded Leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Implications for the Role of Adaptation in Sex Pheromone–Mediated Mating Disruption of These Species

2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 625-632 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Trimble ◽  
D. B. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Sensory Adaptation ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller ◽  
The Relationship

EVALUATION OF A NATURAL RUBBER SLEEVE STOPPER AS A CONTROLLED-RELEASE SUBSTRATE FOR USE IN STUDIES OF SEX-PHEROMONE-MEDIATED MATING DISRUPTION OF THE SPOTTED TENTIFORM LEAFMINER

1999 ◽  
Vol 131 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.M. Trimble ◽  
C.A. Tyndall ◽  
B.D. McGarvey
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Polynomial Equation ◽  
Order Polynomial ◽  
Rubber Sleeve ◽  
Rate Of Evaporation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Linear Decline ◽  
Order Polynomial Equation

AbstractNatural rubber sleeve stoppers were impregnated with 10 mg of (E)-10-dodecen-1-yl-acetate, the major component of spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (F.), pheromone. In the laboratory, there was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to 10, 15, 20, and 25 °C. At 30 and 35 °C, the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation ranged from 0.03 mg/day at 10 °C to 0.08 mg/day at 25 °C; the rate of evaporation at 30 and 35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. There was a linear decline in the amount of pheromone remaining on stoppers during 8 weeks of exposure to fluctuating temperature regimes with average temperatures of 10 °C (i.e., 5–15 °C) and 20 °C (i.e., 15–25 °C). At a fluctuating regime with an average temperature of 30 °C (i.e., 25–35 °C), the relationship was curvilinear and could be described using a second-order polynomial equation. The estimated rate of evaporation was 0.02 and 0.09 mg/day at 5–15 and 15–25 °C, respectively; the estimated daily rate of evaporation at 25–35 °C varied with the time since first exposure. In an orchard, the estimated average rate of evaporation of pheromone from stoppers ranged from 0.05 to 0.31 mg/day and did not vary significantly with temperature. During the first 4 weeks of exposure in an orchard, the observed rate of evaporation was up to 4.4-fold greater than the rate predicted using the relationship between evaporation rate and constant temperatures observed in the laboratory. The potential for using natural rubber sleeve stoppers as controlled-release substrates in studies of sex-pheromone-mediated mating disruption of P. blancardella is discussed.

scholarly journals Development of 2-phenylethanol plus acetic acid lures to monitor obliquebanded leafroller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) under mating disruption

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. Knight ◽  
G. J. R. Judd ◽  
E. Basoalto ◽  
A. M. El-Sayed
Keyword(s):  
Acetic Acid ◽  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Codling Moth ◽  
Choristoneura Rosaceana ◽  
Obliquebanded Leafroller ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
Bisexual Lure ◽  
Pheromone Dispensers

AbstractWe evaluated the effectiveness of 2-phenylethanol (PET) in combination with acetic acid (AA) as a binary lure for monitoring male and female obliquebanded leafroller, Choristoneura rosaceana (Harris). Studies were conducted in apple, Malus domestica Borkhausen, orchards treated with or without sex pheromone dispensers for mating disruption (MD). Open polypropylene vials, closed membrane cups, and rubber septa loaded with AA and/or PET in varying amounts were first evaluated in a series of trapping experiments. Membrane cups loaded with 800 mg of PET were as effective as 10-mg septa, but longer lasting, and were comparable to the open vials. A membrane cup AA lure was effective in tests, but further work is needed to increase its release rate and extend its activity. Catches of codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and C. rosaceana were unaffected by combining PET with (E,E)-8,10-dodecadien-1-ol, the sex pheromone of codling moth, pear ester, (E,Z)-2,4-ethyl-decadienoate, and AA lures. Adding (E)-4,8-dimethyl-1,3,7-nonatriene to this blend to enhance codling moth catch, significantly reduced catches of C. rosaceana. PET+AA was a more attractive binary lure than AA plus phenylacetonitrile (PAN) for C. rosaceana. The addition of PET or PAN to traps already baited with the sex pheromone of C. rosaceana significantly reduced male catches. Traps baited with PET+AA placed in blocks not treated with MD caught significantly fewer C. rosaceana than traps baited with sex pheromone. In comparison, sex pheromone-baited traps in MD blocks caught ≤ 1 male moth per season which was significantly lower than total moth (> 10) or female moth (≥ 3) catch in these blocks with PET+AA. A high proportion (> 70%) of trapped females were mated in both untreated and MD-treated orchards. Further refinement of this binary, bisexual lure using membrane cup technology may allow the establishment of action thresholds and improve management timings for C. rosaceana.

scholarly journals Improved Monitoring of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in Stone Fruit Orchards with a Pheromone-Kairomone Combination Lure

Insects ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 412
Author(s):  
Michele Preti ◽  
Alan L. Knight ◽  
Sergio Angeli
Keyword(s):  
Sex Pheromone ◽  
Sex Pheromones ◽  
Mating Disruption ◽  
Cydia Pomonella ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Oriental Fruit Moth ◽  
Grapholita Molesta ◽  
Baited Traps ◽  
By Catch ◽  
Fruit Orchards

Monitoring oriental fruit moth Grapholita molesta Busck (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), populations based on counts in sex pheromone-baited traps within sex pheromone-treated orchards for mating disruption (MD) is challenging since male orientation to traps is disrupted. In this study, we evaluated a new commercial pheromone–kairomone combination lure for G. molesta (Pherocon® OFM Combo™ Dual™), which combines the G. molesta and Cydia pomonella L. sex pheromones with a blend of acetic acid and terpinyl acetate. Trap comparisons were performed in 33 trials in peach and nectarine orchards under MD (24) or non-MD (9) during the 2018–2019 period in Italy. Male and total moth captures in traps baited with the combination lure were significantly greater than in traps with G. molesta pheromone in both years and across both pheromone treatments. The proportion of females in the total moth captures using the combination lure averaged ca. 7% across all trials. The by-catch of non-targets, i.e., Apis mellifera L., was low in traps baited either with the combination and the sex pheromone lure, while trap color (white) affected the capture of beneficials but not of the target pest. Our study proves that this combination lure can improve the monitoring and management for G. molesta in stone fruits. New studies are needed to define action thresholds to trigger supplemental control methods to MD. Secondly, female-based monitoring lures should be further developed to improve management strategies.

Choosing a Markov blanket

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Parr
Keyword(s):  
Markov Blanket ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract This commentary focuses upon the relationship between two themes in the target article: the ways in which a Markov blanket may be defined and the role of precision and salience in mediating the interactions between what is internal and external to a system. These each rest upon the different perspectives we might take while “choosing” a Markov blanket.

Staring Down Death

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 212-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas E. Joiner ◽  
Melanie A. Hom ◽  
Megan L. Rogers ◽  
Carol Chu ◽  
Ian H. Stanley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Suicide Risk ◽  
Clinical Utility ◽  
Blink Rate ◽  
Specific Task ◽  
Careful Planning ◽  
Eye Blink ◽  
Eye Blinks ◽  
Potential Clinical Utility ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract. Background: Lowered eye blink rate may be a clinically useful indicator of acute, imminent, and severe suicide risk. Diminished eye blink rates are often seen among individuals engaged in heightened concentration on a specific task that requires careful planning and attention. Indeed, overcoming one’s biological instinct for survival through suicide necessitates premeditation and concentration; thus, a diminished eye blink rate may signal imminent suicidality. Aims: This article aims to spur research and clinical inquiry into the role of eye blinks as an indicator of acute suicide risk. Method: Literature relevant to the potential connection between eye blink rate and suicidality was reviewed and synthesized. Results: Anecdotal, cognitive, neurological, and conceptual support for the relationship between decreased blink rate and suicide risk is outlined. Conclusion: Given that eye blinks are a highly observable behavior, the potential clinical utility of using eye blink rate as a marker of suicide risk is immense. Research is warranted to explore the association between eye blink rate and acute suicide risk.

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