Geographical Variation in Body Size, Development Time, and Wing Dimorphism in the Cricket Velarifictorus micado (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

2014 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1066-1071 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zeng ◽  
Dao-Hong Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Geographical Variation ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Wing Dimorphism

scholarly journals SEASONALLY VARYING DIET QUALITY AND THE QUANTITATIVE GENETICS OF DEVELOPMENT TIME AND BODY SIZE IN BIRCH FEEDING INSECTS

Evolution ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 55 (10) ◽  
pp. 1992-2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Kause ◽  
Irma Saloniemi ◽  
Jean-Philippe Morin ◽  
Erkki Haukioja ◽  
Sinikka Hanhimäki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Quantitative Genetics ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Development Time

scholarly journals Geographical variation in relationships between parental body size and offspring phenotype at birth

2006 ◽  
Vol 85 (9) ◽  
pp. 1066-1079 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sam Leary ◽  
Caroline Fall ◽  
Clive Osmond ◽  
Hermione Lovel ◽  
Doris Campbell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Geographical Variation

The effects of pollen availability on development time in the bumble bee Bombus terricola K. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

1990 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 1120-1123 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. H. Sutcliffe ◽  
R. C. Plowright
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Larval Stage ◽  
Treatment Duration ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Larval Nutrition ◽  
Adult Body Size ◽  
Adult Body

Captive colonies of Bombus terricola Kirby received pollen for 8, 14, or 24 h/day. The effects of the treatment demonstrated experimentally the influence of larval nutrition on development time. The duration of the cocoon stage was positively related to both adult body size and pollen availability. The duration of the larval stage varied in a more complex way: within each treatment, duration of the larval stage was positively related to adult body size, but between the treatments, and for each of the three castes, pollen deprivation tended to lengthen the larval stage. These results reconcile divergent findings in the literature.

scholarly journals The lack of evidence for co-adaptation in crosses between geographical races of Drosophila subobscura Coll.

1963 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. McFarquhar ◽  
Forbes W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Drosophila Subobscura ◽  
Environment Interaction ◽  
Bristle Number ◽  
Different Temperatures ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Minimum Requirements ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Synthetic Media

1. The paper described an attempt to see whether differences in co-adaptation between populations of Drosophila subobscura are related to the distance between them. The mean and the variance of body-size, development time and survival were recorded on parent populations and the F1 and F2 of various crosses to test for heterosis in the F1 and decline in performance or greater variance in the F2, which might indicate the break-up of co-adapted gene arrays. Comparisons were carried out at different temperatures and on a variety of larval diets, especially sub-optimal ones in which the larvae were grown on synthetic media. A large number of wild flies were caught at sites separated by about 10 miles along a transect of southern Scotland; these comprised one series of comparisons. For more distant crosses flies were caught at sites in southern England, Denmark, Switzerland and Israel.2. There were well-defined differences in body-size, and, to a lesser degree, development time between populations from more widely separated localities and these showed evidence of a cline, northern populations having larger body-size. The difference in size between the Scottish and Isreal populations is about 20%.3. There was no evidence of differences in co-adaptation between populations even in crosses between populations from sites as far apart as Scotland and Israel. The F1's were always close to the mid-parent values and there was no evidence of breakdown in the F2 nor of increased variability.4. There was hardly any evidence of gene-environment interaction either with respect to different diets or to different temperatures.5. Records of body-size on flies caught in the wild showed that they are extremely variable, indicating great variation in larval nutrition. Under natural condition stability of growth in body-size is conspicuously lacking in this species.6. An additional test of co-adaptation was based on the between-family variance of abdominal bristle number of intra- and inter-population matings in the two most widely separated populations. There was no evidence of greater variance in the inter-population series.7. To test for possible differences in breeding structure, the response to inbreeding was determined for two widely separated populations of D. subobscura and a long-established cage population of D. melanogaster, on an unrestricted larval diet and also on several different kinds of sub-optimal diets. There was little or no sign of consistent differences between the species in their response to inbreeding.8. This test revealed differences between the two species in their minimum requirements for particular nutrients. subobscura is less able than melanogaster to withstand lower levels of protein and survival is particularly reduced. On the other hand, melanogaster has a considerably higher requirement for choline. Where there are apparent differences between the species in the average effect of inbreeding, the inbreeding effect is greater on the relatively more sub-optimal diet.9. Comparison of the performance of the immediate descendants of wild flies with those derived from the same site, but kept in the laboratory for some twenty generations, failed to show any differences on several different diets and so there was no evidence that adaptation to laboratory conditions was important.10. The lack of evidence for co-adaptation apparently conflicts with what has been claimed for other species. Such differences are discussed.

scholarly journals The ecological genetics of growth in Drosophila 3. Growth and competitive ability of strains selected on different diets

1960 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Forbes W. Robertson
Keyword(s):  
Body Size ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Competitive Ability ◽  
Variable Degree ◽  
Adult Size ◽  
Adverse Conditions ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Unselected Population ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Live Yeast

1. The growth of strains of Drosophila melanogaster selected for large size under different nutritional conditions has been recorded on a variety of different media and compared with that of the unselected population. The experiments were designed to test the inference from earlier work that selection for the same ‘character’, body size, on different diets leads to more or less different changes in growth and metabolism. The inference has been amply confirmed.2. When compared on a number of deficient synthetic diets, the strains which had been selected either on a low-protein diet or on one in which all the essential nutrients had been reduced, suffered a much smaller reduction in body size than either the unselected population or, especially, a large strain selected on the favourable live yeast medium. Some diets which drastically reduced the body size of the unselected population lead to no change in the size of strains selected on the synthetic media, although development time was prolonged. Hence selection had extended the capacity for maintaining a characteristic adult body size to diets which normally would lead to a decline. This is taken as evidence of improved adaptation to such conditions. There is also some evidence that selection on the synthetic diets had lowered the level of adaptation to the usual live yeast diet, since body size tended to be lower on this medium than on some of the normally sub-optimal diets.3. To provide comparisons in adverse conditions which are probably more closely related to those commonly encountered by populations in nature or the laboratory, the performance of the strains has been compared in a graded series of competitive conditions on the live yeast medium. By using genetically marked files of the foundation population, which were shown to react in the same way as unmarked flies—in terms of survival, body size and development time—the competitive ability of the different strains has been tested against that of unselected individuals. The latter are generally superior to the selected strains, which differ among themselves, however, in a way which can be related to the conditions in which they were selected.4. Under such competitive conditions, the strains selected on the synthetic diets suffer a much greater decline in body size than do the unselected individuals. For the strain selected on live yeast, the proportional reduction of body size is about the same for the unselected flies at lower levels of crowding, but is clearly greater under more severe conditions of competition.5. The low-protein strain has been backcrossed to the unselected stock. When reared on a variety of synthetic diets, the performance of the F1 was generally intermediate between that of the parents.6. Nutritional variation may be responsible for either a high environmental correlation between the two measures of growth, body size and duration of larval period, or no apparent correlation. Provided the diet is not too unfavourable, body size remains constant although development time may be lengthened to a variable degree. With more adverse conditions, body size is reduced and development time is lengthened more or less proportionately. Such differences in reaction probably depend on the particular stage of larval growth and development primarily affected by the treatment; this problem is being examined further. The inverse relations between body size and development time may represent the operation of a kind of safety mechanism which ensures that the adult reproductive state is attained sooner than would be so if the capacity for maintaining a characteristic body size were more effective in relation to deficient diets. Populations and species adapted to different conditions are likely to differ as to where the balance is struck between effective maintenance of a characteristic adult size, with maximum potential egg production, and the alternative response, according to their ecology. This possibility must be borne in mind when the response to selection for, say, body size is compared in different species.

scholarly journals Seasonality and genetic architecture of development time and body size of the birch feeding sawfly Priophorus pallipes

2001 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
ANTTI KAUSE ◽  
JEAN-PHILIPPE MORIN
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Diet Quality ◽  
Development Time ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Reaction Norms ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Mature Leaves ◽  
Final Mass

We tested, using the sawfly Priophorus pallipes feeding on leaves of mountain birch, whether the expression of genetic (co)variation of larval development time and body size can be altered by exposing larvae to diets with differential seasonal changes in quality. In nature, larvae feed mainly on mature leaves, but occasionally they are forced to consume senescing leaves. Sixty families were assayed on three experimentally simulated diets: mature leaves of high quality, senescing leaves of rapidly declining quality, and senesced leaves of low quality. The intuitively obvious positive phenotypic and genetic correlations between development time and final mass were observed when the larvae consumed leaves of stable high quality, but low and declining food quality prevented long-growing individuals and families from achieving high final mass, switching the correlations to close to zero or negative in these treatments. The amount of genetic variation for body size showed a non-linear change across the diet quality gradient, whereas genetic variation for development time increased with decreasing diet quality. The among-trait difference in the degree reaction norms crossed along the diet gradient caused the changes in the expression of genetic (co)variation within the environments. Our results show that seasonally varying diet quality induces dramatic changes in the genetic (co)variation of development time and body size, and that simultaneous analysis of reaction norms and environment-specific expression of genetic (co)variation is necessary for the understanding of the genetic characteristics underlying the construction of phenotypes in heterogeneous environments.

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