Variations in Facial Soft Tissues of Italian Individuals with Ectodermal Dysplasia

2004 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-267 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Laura Vizzotto ◽  
Virgilio F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of patients with ectodermal dysplasia (ED). Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using an electromagnetic digitizer in 20 Caucasian patients with ED (11 male and 9 female patients aged 7 to 41 years) and 391 healthy controls (163 female and 228 male subjects of comparable ages). From the landmarks, 15 facial dimensions and two angles were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the patients and reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size) and its standard deviation, called the craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In patients with ED, a large variability was found for both the mean z-score and the craniofacial variability index. On average, the patients had a somewhat smaller facial size than the normal individuals, with a global disharmonious appearance. Overall, 70% of patients fell outside the quantitative definitions for normal facial size, harmony or both. When examining the distribution of the single z-scores of the 17 selected measurements, variable patterns were found, without consistent effects of age or sex. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of patients with ED differed both in size and shape from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group.

A Quantitative Three-Dimensional Assessment of Abnormal Variations in the Facial Soft Tissues of Individuals with down Syndrome

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 410-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Claudia Dolci ◽  
Elena Donetti ◽  
Virgilio F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Down Syndrome ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Calculated Data ◽  
Anthropometric Measurements ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of subjects with Down syndrome by using summary anthropometric measurements. Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using a computerized digitizer in 28 subjects with Down syndrome (11 girls and women and 17 boys and men aged 12 to 45 years) and 429 healthy controls matched for sex, age, and ethnicity. From the landmarks, 18 facial dimensions were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the subjects with Down syndrome and the reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size) and its standard deviation, craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In subjects with Down syndrome, facial size was smaller than in normal individuals, and in 17 subjects the mean z-score fell outside the normal interval (mean ± 2 SD). Twenty subjects had a craniofacial variability index larger than the normal interval. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of subjects with Down syndrome differed from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group: a reduced facial size was coupled with a global anomalous relationship between individual measurements. The two indices allowed discriminating more than 89% of subjects with Down syndrome when compared with normal subjects.

A Quantitative Three-Dimensional Assessment of Abnormal Variations in Facial Soft Tissues of Adult Patients with Cleft Lip and Palate

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 544-549 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virgilio F. Ferrario ◽  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Gianluca M. Tartaglia ◽  
Davide Sozzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cleft Lip ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cleft Lip And Palate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Soft Tissue Profile ◽  
Variability Index ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Facial Soft Tissues

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of adult operated patients with cleft lip and palate (CLP). Design, Setting, and Patients The three-dimensional coordinates of soft tissue facial landmarks were obtained using an electromagnetic digitizer in 18 Caucasian patients with CLP (11 males and 7 females aged 19 to 27 years) and 162 healthy controls (73 females and 89 males aged 18 to 30 years). From the landmarks, 15 facial dimensions and two angles were calculated. Data were compared with those collected in healthy individuals by computing z-scores. Two summary anthropometric measurements for quantifying craniofacial variations were assessed in both the patients and reference subjects: the mean z-score (an index of overall facial size), and its SD, called the craniofacial variability index (an index of facial harmony). Results In treated patients with CLP, facial size was somewhat smaller than in normal individuals, but in all occasions the mean z-score fell inside the normal interval (mean ± 2 SD). Almost all patients had a craniofacial variability index larger than the normal interval, indicating a global disharmonious appearance. Overall, in patients pronasale, subnasale, and pogonion were more posterior, the nose was shorter and larger, the face was narrower, and the soft tissue profile and upper lip were flatter than in the reference population. Conclusions The facial soft tissue structures of adult operated patients with CLP differed from those of normal controls of the same age, sex, and ethnic group. In this patient group, surgical corrections of CLP failed to provide a completely harmonious appearance, even if the deviations from the reference were limited. Further analyses of larger groups of patients are needed.

Soft Tissue Facial Angles in Individuals with Ectodermal Dysplasia: A Three-Dimensional Noninvasive Study

2006 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 339-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chiarella Sforza ◽  
Claudia Dellavia ◽  
Maria Goffredi ◽  
Virgilio F. Ferrario
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Facial Phenotype ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
Normal Controls

Objective To supply quantitative information about the facial soft tissues of patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Design Prospective assessment. Setting National meetings of hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients and families. Patients and Main Outcome Measures Facial and mandibular corpus convexities in the horizontal plane; facial convexity in the sagittal plane; interlabial, naso-labial, nasal convexity, and left and right soft tissue gonial angles were calculated from the three-dimensional coordinates of 11 soft tissue facial landmarks obtained in 18 male and 17 female hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients aged 3 to 41 years and in 504 reference healthy individuals. In addition, z-scores were computed and the patients were grouped by cluster analysis. Results Male and female z-scores did not differ. In the pooled group, facial convexities in the horizontal and sagittal planes were significantly (Student's t, p < .01) increased (flatter) in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia patients, compared with normal controls. The naso-labial angle was significantly reduced (more acute). Upper and lower facial convexity and mandibular corpus convexity in the horizontal plane deviated less from the norm with increasing age. Facial convexity in the horizontal and sagittal planes, soft tissue gonial angles, and naso-labial and interlabial angles deviated less from the norm with increasing number of teeth present in the mouth. Cluster analysis identified three homogeneous groups, all characterized by a peculiar facial phenotype. Modifications in facial convexity and gonial and interlabial angles differentiated each cluster. Conclusions Patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia had flatter faces in the horizontal and sagittal planes than normal controls had. Cluster analysis revealed patterned differences in facial phenotype.

scholarly journals Comparison of the effect of collagen (amino acid) and amnion (proteinase inhibitor) on the wound healing of soft tissues

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Weko Adhiarto ◽  
Sunardhi Mangundjaja ◽  
Makmuri Yusuf ◽  
Bambang Pontjo
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Collagen Synthesis ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Proteinase Inhibitors ◽  
Healing Process ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Wound Healing Process ◽  
The Mean

The wound healing process of the soft tissue aims to accelerate the closing of the wound by recurring, restoring the function, and minimizing the scar tissue. This process has to occur in the surgery process to obtain better-wound healing. The aim of this study was to know the stimulation effect of the wound dressing to accelerate the wound healing process of the soft tissue using Collagen (amino acid) and Amnion (proteinase inhibitors). This true experimental study was done to 36 mice (Sprague Dawley) that were divided into three different groups, two groups were the treatment groups and one group was the control group. Each group was adapted in Pathology Laboratory of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine Bogor Agricultural University. All of the mice were injured on the skin by incising the right side of the back for 2 cm in length and 4 mm in depth and then cleaned with 0.9% NaCl solution. To the first group of treatment, the wound was applicated by Amnion, and the second group was applicated by Collagen. Each 4 mice of all group were a termination by ether and encryption on the wounded tissue was conducted on day 3rd, 7th, and 14th. Assessment for a number of fibroblast and collagen synthesis on the wound of back tissue was conducted with the histological examination by painted using hematoxylin-eosin. The results concluded that Collagen application was influencing the mean of fibroblast higher than Amnion, and the lowest was controlled with statistically significant. The mean of collagen used Collagen lower than Amnion, and the lowest was control with statistically significant. It could be concluded that collagen application was preeminent in increasing the productivity of the fibroblast, as well as in developing forms of the collagen synthesis compared with Amnion and control.

Energy-Shunting Hip Padding System Attenuates Femoral Impact Force in a Simulated Fall

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. Robinovitch ◽  
W. C. Hayes ◽  
T. A. McMahon
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Impact Behavior ◽  
Human Female ◽  
Female Pelvis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Impact

Recent studies suggest that hip padding systems reduce the incidence of hip fractures during falls. However, no data exist on the force attenuating capacity of hip pads under realistic fall impact conditions, and thus it is difficult to compare the protective merit of various pad designs. Our goal is to design a comfortable hip padding system which reduces femoral impact force in a fall below the mean force required to fracture the elderly cadaveric femur. In pursuit of this objective, we designed and constructed a hip pad testing system consisting of an impact pendulum and surrogate human pelvis. We then developed a hip pad containing a shear-thickening material which allows for shunting of the impact energy away from the femur and into the surrounding soft tissue. Finally, we conducted experiments to assess whether the surrogate pelvis accurately represents the impact behavior of the human female pelvis in a fall, and to determine whether our energy-shunting pad attenuates femoral impact force in a fall more effectively than seven available padding systems. We found the surrogate pelvis accurately represented the human female pelvis in regional variation in soft tissue stiffness, total effective stiffness and damping, and impact force attenuation provided by trochanteric soft tissues. We also found that our padding system attenuated femoral impact force by 65 percent, thereby providing two times the force attenuation of the next best system. Moreover, the energy-shunting pad was the only system capable of lowering femoral impact force well below the mean force required to fracture the elderly femur in a fall loading configuration. These results suggest that the force attenuating potential of hip pads which focus on shunting energy away from the femur is superior to those which rely on absorbing energy in the pad material. While these in-vitro results are encouraging, carefully designed prospective clinical trials will be necessary to determine the efficacy of these approaches to hip fracture prevention.

scholarly journals Trials of the Automated Particle Counter for laboratory rearing of mosquito larvae

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. e0241492
Author(s):  
Mark Q. Benedict ◽  
Priscila Bascuñán ◽  
Catherine M. Hunt ◽  
Erica I. Aviles ◽  
Rachel D. Rotenberry ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Light Intensity ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Target Number ◽  
Water Stream ◽  
Throughput Rate ◽  
Laboratory Rearing ◽  
Particle Counter ◽  
Type Device ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Mean

As a means of obtaining reproducible and accurate numbers of larvae for laboratory rearing, we tested a large-particle flow-cytometer type device called the ‘Automated Particle Counter’ (APC). The APC is a gravity-fed, self-contained unit that detects changes in light intensity caused by larvae passing the detector in a water stream and controls dispensing by stopping the flow when the desired number has been reached. We determined the accuracy (number dispensed compared to the target value) and precision (distribution of number dispensed) of dispensing at a variety of counting sensitivity thresholds and larva throughput rates (larvae per second) using < 1-day old Anopheles gambiae and Aedes aegypti larvae. All measures were made using an APC algorithm called the ‘Smoothed Z-Score’ which allows the user to define how many standard deviations (Z scores) from the baseline light intensity a particle’s absorbance must exceed to register a count. We dispensed a target number of 100 An. gambiae larvae using Z scores from 2.5–8 and observed no difference among them in the numbers dispensed for scores from 2.5–6, however, scores of 7 and 8 under-counted (over-dispensed) larvae. Using a Z score ≤ 6, we determined the effect of throughput rate on the accuracy of the device to dispense An. gambiae larvae. For rates ≤ 98 larvae per second, the accuracy of dispensing a target of 100 larvae was - 2.29% ± 0.72 (95% CI of the mean) with a mode of 99 (49 of 348 samples). When using a Z score of 3.5 and rates ≤ 100 larvae per second, the accuracy of dispensing a target of 100 Ae. aegypti was - 2.43% ± 1.26 (95% CI of the mean) with a mode of 100 (6 of 42 samples). No effect on survival was observed on the number of An. gambiae first stage larvae that reached adulthood as a function of dispensing.

scholarly journals Soft tissue changes after anterior maxillary osteotomy by using 3D CBCT scanning.

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 1245-1250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed AL-Omar ◽  
Usama AL-Dakroroy
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Cone Beam Computed Tomography ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cone Beam ◽  
Maxillary Osteotomy ◽  
Tissue Changes ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soft Tissue Changes

The objective of this study was to evaluate the soft tissue changes after anterior maxillary osteotomy using cone beam computed tomography. The study included twelve patients diagnosed as suffering from an excess of the anterior part of maxilla and required surgical correction by anterior maxillary osteotomy. Assessment of Cone beam computed tomography in evaluation the soft tissue changes. All cases subjected to anterior maxillary osteotomy using modified Cuper technique. Follow up of cases was does clinically and radio- graphically by cone beam computed tomography. The results of the study proved that the statistically significant increase in mean Nasolabial angle after 6 months was 5.2 degrees, the mean value of nasal width after 6 months was 0,9mm. The mean value of Philtrum length was 3.3mm. In conclusion, Cone Beam Computed Tomography can be used to obtain dimensionally accurate linear and angular measurement from bony maxillofacial structure and landmarks and allows accurate, three-dimensional imaging of hard and soft tissues.

P122 SEX DIFFERENCES IN STATURAL GROWTH IMPAIRMENT IN PEDIATRIC CROHN’S DISEASE: EARLY FINDINGS FROM THE GROWTH STUDY

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S45-S46
Author(s):  
Neera Gupta ◽  
Robert Lustig ◽  
Howard Andrews ◽  
Francisco Sylvester ◽  
David Keljo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Difference ◽  
Z Score ◽  
Growth Study ◽  
Negatively Associated ◽  
Hormone Levels ◽  
Growth Impairment ◽  
Score Difference ◽  
Z Scores ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Background Statural growth impairment is both a marker and complication of poorly controlled Crohn’s disease (CD), and occurs more commonly in males than females. The specific molecular mechanisms responsible for this sex difference in growth impairment in CD remain poorly characterized. Methods We are conducting a prospective multicenter longitudinal study (Growth Study) examining sex differences in statural growth impairment in school-age children with CD with growth potential based on bone age (BA) [females (BA 4 yrs, 2 mos to 12 years, 0 months) and males (BA 5 years, 0 months to 14 yrs, 0 mos)]. We have enrolled 118 (65% male) patients. Variable Z scores calculated based on BA are denoted as Variable BA-Z scores; those calculated based on chronological age (CA) are denoted as Variable CA-Z scores. Height Z score difference was calculated as Height CA-Z score minus Height BA-Z score. We analyzed the concentration of selected cytokines in serum in 54 patients (56% male), using a V-Plex kit (Meso Scale Discovery, Rockville, MD). Serum hormone levels were analyzed at Esoterix Endocrinology (Calabasas Hills, CA). We used t-test and Chi-squared test to examine the sex difference for continuous variables and categorical variables respectively. We assessed the association between cytokines and hormones via linear regression. Results The mean height Z score difference was -0.4 ± 1.0 (SD) [range: -3.9 to 2.0] in males and -1.1 ± 1.1 [-3.9 to 0.9] in females (Figure). The absolute value of the mean height Z score difference was significantly lower in males (P= 0.021). The mean BA Z score was (0.0 ± .04 [-0.7 to 0.9]) in males and (0.0 ± 0.2 [-0.4 to 0.5]) in females (P= 0.952). Race/ethnicity [76% White], Tanner stage [63% pre/early puberty; 37% mid/late puberty], mean disease duration [2.3 ± 1.9 (SD) (range: 0.1 to 8.3) years], medication use [65% infliximab; 39% methotrexate; 13% azathioprine/6-mercaptopurine; 9% adalimumab], and mean disease activity indices (indicated remission) did not differ by sex (P= NS for all). TNF-α, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, and IL-12 were significantly negatively associated with hormones important in growth in males, while IL-13 was significantly negatively associated with hormones important in growth in females (Table). Conclusions Statural growth remains compromised in males compared with females in a novel contemporary cohort of children with CD. Our early data suggest that the higher frequency of growth impairment in males appears to be due to less standardized height gain with skeletal maturation, rather than advanced BA progression. BA does not appear to be significantly delayed in this cohort. Furthermore, our preliminary data suggest that systemic inflammation exerts a greater negative impact on hormone levels important in growth in males, and that different molecular pathways lead to growth impairment in males versus females. We are further investigating these preliminary findings in the ongoing prospective multicenter longitudinal Growth Study.

scholarly journals Development of a model of soft tissue simulation using ballistic gelatin for CBCT acquisitions related to dentomaxillofacial radiology research

2020 ◽  
pp. 20200191
Author(s):  
Eduarda Helena Leandro Nascimento ◽  
Rocharles Cavalcante Fontenele ◽  
Priscila de Azeredo Lopes ◽  
Gustavo Machado Santaella ◽  
Karla Faria Vasconcelos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Soft Tissues ◽  
Cone Beam Ct ◽  
Acrylic Resin ◽  
Standard Group ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
New Material ◽  
Ballistic Gelatin ◽  
The Mean

Objectives: To present the ballistic gelatin as a new material capable of simulating the soft tissues in cone-beam CT (CBCT) images. Methods: CBCT images of three piglet heads were acquired with their soft tissues intact (standard group). Subsequently, the piglet heads were fixed in a container using metallic pins and moulded with acrylic resin; the soft tissues were then removed and replaced by ballistic gelatin, with the same thickness of the original soft tissues. The images were evaluated by two oral radiologists, to check the adaptation on bone surfaces, thickness and density, penetration into large bone cavities and cancellous bone, and the presence of air bubbles using a 5-score scale. Additionally, an objective analysis was carried out by one oral radiologist. For each CBCT scan, three axial reconstructions were selected to represent the mandibular, occlusal, and maxillary levels. The mean and standard deviation (SD) of the grey values were calculated in four regions of interest determined on soft tissue areas and compared by two-way ANOVA. Results: The ballistic gelatin showed subjective scores ranging from good to excellent for all parameters evaluated. There was no significant difference in the mean and SD values of the grey values between ballistic gelatin and the gold standard groups for all levels (p > 0.05). Higher SD values were observed in the occlusal level for both groups (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Ballistic gelatin has visual and objective similarity with the gold standard. Thus, the ballistic gelatin is a promising material capable of simulating soft tissues in CBCT images.

555 Role of X-Ray Soft Tissue Neck in Children with Obstructive Sleep Apnea with a Previous History of Adenotonsillectomy

SLEEP ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 44 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. A219-A220
Author(s):  
Quang Nguyen ◽  
Karim El-Kersh ◽  
Bakeerathan Gunaratnam ◽  
Egambaram Senthilvel
Keyword(s):  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Soft Tissue ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Z Score ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Soft Tissue Neck ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Introduction Adenoid recurrence in children after adenotonsillectomy can be an etiology for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The aim of this study was to assess the role of x-ray soft tissue neck (XR-STN) in evaluating adenoid recurrence from a sleep physician perspective and to assess the polysomnographic findings of pre and post revision adenoidectomy. Methods This was a single center retrospective study that included children &lt;18 years old with a history of adenotonsillectomy who underwent sleep study that confirmed the diagnosis of OSA and had XR- STN to evaluate for adenoidal tissue recurrence at the University of Louisville/Norton Pediatric Sleep Disorders clinic from July 2012 to September 2020. XR-STN level of adenoidal obliteration, baseline and post revision adenoidectomy PSG data were analyzed. Results A total of 160 subjects were included in the study with a mean age of 9.71±3.5 years, 59.4% were male, 54.4% were Caucasians, and the mean z-score was 1.77±1.15. XR-STN was normal in 39.4% of the subjects and it showed mild, moderate, and complete adenoidal obliteration in 20.6%, 32.5% and 7.5% of the subjects, respectively. Multiple regression analysis showed that the total AHI, the mean for the moderate and complete adenoidal obliteration are significantly higher than children with no obstruction (p-value=000). However, mild obliteration, Z score, age, gender, and race were not significantly associated with an increased total AHI. Pre- and post- adenoid revision PSGs were available in 20 subjects and they showed significant improvement in AHI (10.4±12.9 vs. 21.1±23.9, p=0.04), arousal index (15.4 ±10.6 vs. 21.1± 14.9, p=0.04), and nadir SaO2 (86.7%±8.1 vs. 76.58% ±18.44, p=0.04). Conclusion Soft tissue neck x-ray was useful in assessing adenoid recurrence in our study. Revision adenoidectomy resulted in an overall improvement in several PSGs parameters of OSA. Pediatric sleep physicians may consider XR-STN in the evaluation of children with OSA with a previous history of adenotonsillectomy. Support (if any) None

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